The Reflection of Victorian Britain in Literature Essay -- The Tell Ta

The Reflection of Victorian Britain in LiteratureQueen Victoria reigned in Britain between 1937-1901. During this timein British tale a large degree of change occurred. The writers ofthe time often reflected these substantial changes in their literaturefocusing on the interests of society.I have studied a variety of literature from the Victorian period andhave chosen to write about three particular pieces The Signalman byCharles Dickens (a short story), the novel Frankenstein by MaryShelley and another short story called The Tell Tale Heart by EdgarAllen Poe.At the point when these stories were written, there were a wide rangeof issues touching society. How eer, for the earn of this essay Iam only going to focus on three of these the role of God, theincreasing advances in science and technology, the supernatural andinsanity.The point which I am going to focus on first is about the role Godplayed in many peoples lives and how this is reflected in theliterature of the Victorian perio d.In Frankenstein Mary Shelleys point of view about the advancesoccurring in the progress of medicine and technology can be seen. Shealso explains the dangerous issues connected with man stressful to copythe role of God.The central characters in Frankenstein are Dr Frankenstein and hiscreation, the monster. Dr Frankenstein tells the story.At the beginning of Frankenstein, Dr Frankenstein becomes overconfident with new advantageous technology. He intends to make theperfect human in set out to save lives and becomes somewhat obsessedwith this idea. He surgically attaches many different body partstogether from deceased people. He believes from his previous researchtha... ... raved- Iswore His sudden change in behaviour is what convinces the readerand the police, the manslayer is mad. I admit the deed - tear up theplanks - here, here - It is the beating of his hideous heart Themurderer admits he committed the murder.In conclusion it is clear that the literature I have studied, TheSig nalman, The Tell Tale Heart and Frankenstein all directlyreflect the interests of Victorian Britain. The curiosities in therole of God, the increasing developments in science and technology,the supernatural and insanity were all reflected in these books, aswas the work of Psychoanalysts like Sigmund Freud. There was bettertransport than ever before and psychiatrists found out how the mindworked and were then capable of looking inside it. The literature hadto reflect the interests of the time in order to be successful.

The Purpose of an Education Essay -- Educational Teaching Teachers Ess

The Purpose of an Education Many of todays youth do not see the solve of education. Students, however, substantiate goals and ambitions they want to fulfill when they realise adulthood. They want to be the lawyers, doctors, teachers, computer analysts, and government officials. They want to have salaries that exceed $50,000 so they can drive the BMW(s) and Lexus(es). To fill these positions, young people need to tolerate the qualifications and they will see that it fundamentally comes down to receiving a good education. The purpose of education is not to prepare young people for the next grade. The overall purpose of an education, however, is to prepare adolescents to be adults so they can be productive citizens in our society. Before the overall goal can be met, students need to learn the littler things. In kindergarten, they are taught their ABCs and 123s. Here they realize that their hands can be used to write and color. By second grade, they would have get the hang penmanship and adding and subtracting numbers. They also should dwell how to spell small words and use them in small sentences. By fifth grade, multiplication and division should be memorized. They should know by now how to write short essays. By this time, punctuation should not be much of a problem. As they reach junior high school, students would have experienced writing longer essays and they now should be able to comprehend what they read. Throughout their high school career, they should ...

Improving Procurement Lead Times at Hill Air Force Base Essay -- Busin

Improving Procurement Lead Times at cumulation Air Force BaseIn todays tough economic times organizations need to seriously look at ways to rectify their service level, even in the government. With decreasing military budgets and workforce reductions all government agencies need to streamline activities as much as possible to consider that the taxpayers dollars are being spent wisely and the warfighter is being supported. The National Health Service (NHS) of East Midlands, England has established an excellent website, which benchmarks their twelve steps to process advantage on their Improvement Network (NHS - East Midlands, 2012). The website offers umpteen tools and techniques as well as improvement tools that can be used during the process improvement steps. Although many organizations struggle with process improvements, careful analysis suggests that government agencies can reap the benefits of process improvements just as much as other public and unavowed sectors, espe cially if they follow an organized approach such as the one identified on the NHS improvement network. Step 1 - Choose a particular proposition Service to ImproveThe government procurement process can be a daunting task. Whether the acquisition is competitive or non-competitive, procurement lead times can vary greatly depending on the type of procurement. With news stories of impropriety transpiring among the government on a daily basis more supervising is being required during the procurement process which is adding un demand time to the procurement lead times. With the increased oversight requirements it has become more difficult to get the necessary products to the warfighter during their time of need, which greatly affects the ability for government procurement offi... ...though some may argue that making improvements within an organization can be difficult. As dour as organizations follow the first four steps in process improvement they should be able to operate more effect ively and efficiently. In ordinance for organizations to improve their service levels they need to examine both their internal and external processes and determine the steps required to make necessary improvements. It is essential for organizations to reduce operational costs and improve their service level, even in the government. Works CitedJacobs, F. R., & Chase, R. B. (2010). Operations and supply chain management. (13 ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin. MindTools.com. (2012). essential skills for excellent career. Retrieved from http//www.mindtools.com/ NHS - East Midlands. (2012). The improvement network. Retrieved from http//www.tin.nhs.uk/

Internet Addiction and Relationships :: Technology Computers Papers

More and more people argon discovering that the Internet is not sound a world in which information could be found about any and all subjects the human mind could possibly imagine. As people analyse about the different advantages the World Wide Web has to offer them, they are also being warned about the various dangers existing in this mysterious world. Students are beginning to take classes from the comfort of their own homes, and teachers conduct their classes on the Internet, making them available to a number of students who would otherwise not be able to physically be present inside an actual classroom. The Internet is a way for family members living far from home, to keep close contact with their loved ones and it is a skin rash medium for friends living in various areas to communicate. Although the positive aspects of the Internet are quite obvious, the disadvantages that it encompasses make the Internet not just a dangerous set up for some, but also a place where great myst ery dwells. No one can ever be sure that the person they are utterance to is really who they say they are. Various issues about online relationships, friends and deception come up while on the net. Speak to any online regular and theyll tell you how important their anti-virus curriculum is - you never know what youre actually downloading, until its too late. As someone who has been going online from the age of 10, I have made the Internet part of my everyday life. duration other people flip on their televisions to watch the morning news, as they get examiney for work or school, I find myself switching on my computer. I wake up fifteen minutes earlier than I have to, just to be able to check my e-mails and weather before I leave my house. It does not end there. Upon arrival back home in the evening hours, the first thing I do as I discharge my room is turn on the computer. Sometimes, I go as far as to bring dinner to the computer and eat while I read what people have sent me thr oughout the day. This is just concerning e-mails. What about the several chat services, through which over a hundred friends can send me messages and with whom I can chat? Hours can pass unnoticed when someone is online, talking to friends, reading various articles, and looking at different pictures.

Essay --

Throughout our lives we all harbour been in a situation where we atomic number 18 outside at a sporting event, concert, or some fount of outside event. While we are at the events all bundled up in our coats and hats and such, what do we do some our hands when the gloves just arent cutting it? My bring forth always suggests I just open a brood of Grabber hand warmers. Grabbers are a pack of 2 individual mini hand warmers that expenditure a mixture of chemicals and different chemical reactions to produce heat us by you rubbing the twain together. I must admit these little things have saved me from many cold nights out at the football field. Although when you are endeavouring to warm yourself up you probably arent worried about what chemicals are in these warmers or how they work, but I am so I figure Ill worry you in too.The reason I decided to try and go in debt on the idea of how a hand warmer works and what goes in to it to do it to exert heat. Also beca single-valued fu nction these are things I use almost every day during the winter and never knew how they worked. For starters all grabbers hand warmers are air activated, they are n... Essay -- Throughout our lives we all have been in a situation where we are outside at a sporting event, concert, or some type of outside event. While we are at the events all bundled up in our coats and hats and such, what do we do about our hands when the gloves just arent cutting it? My mother always suggests I just open a pack of Grabber hand warmers. Grabbers are a pack of 2 individual mini hand warmers that use a mixture of chemicals and different chemical reactions to produce heat us by you rubbing the two together. I must admit these little things have saved me from many cold nights out at the football field. Although when you are trying to warm yourself up you probably arent worried about what chemicals are in these warmers or how they work, but I am so I figure Ill fill you in too.The reason I decided to try and go in debt on the idea of how a hand warmer works and what goes in to it to cause it to exert heat. Also because these are things I use almost every day during the winter and never knew how they worked. For starters all grabbers hand warmers are air activated, they are n...

a day in my life :: essays research papers

The Day My Life ChangedI stepped through the door to my grandmother and grandfathers home without even aknock. My grandpa looked up from the telly he was watching, from his cozy comer chair.He had a head of snowy white hair gleaming in the room. Over his broad body, hung a navy bluedress enclothe and a fuzzy cardigan sweater. He wore slacks, held up awkwardly by a belt, allowinghis small potbelly to hang over it. His face showed the years of worry and stress, and his whitebushy eyebrows and ontogenesis second chin showed his old age. His smile greeted me. As I drewclose to him, his aging arms reached out and wrapped around my body and pulled me into a warmloving hug. As he released me from the hug, I said, "Grandpa, I have some news I want you tohear" as I plopped down in the chair beside him. "I wanted to let you know that I am gettingmarried," I told him.The room was left in a dead silence, frozen for a brief period of time, as we recoveredfrom the intensity of the news I had brought him. Reaching for the remote to turn off the television, my grandfather looked at me.Before he could say a word, the fervour of an unseen grandmother came from the kitchen.Both our eyes looked toward the cheerful light and the sounds of my grandmothers excitemen tAs the excitement faded away, his eyes turned toward mine. Awaiting his comments, my eyeswere open wide. Excitement had filled my body, because of the news I had just brought him."Wonderful, go ahead and tell me all about it," he exclaimed.Well, I woke up this morning just as I always do, scarce this time it was to the ringing ofthe phone. I reached for the phone and said "Hello," and on the other end was my boyfriend. He said he needed to see me as short as possible, so I said "OK," and went to meet him. When I arrived at his house, he met me at the door and asked me to come in and have a git on the couch,I was a little worried at this time. I sit down on the couch and he kneeled down in anterior of me on one knee, I just looked at him knowing now, what he was up to. This is what he said, "I know wehave been through a lot hither lately, but I also kn ow that we can go through a lot more as long as

a day in my life :: essays research papers

The Day My Life ChangedI stepped through the door to my grandmother and grandfathers home without even aknock. My grandfather looked up from the television he was watching, from his cozy comer chair.He had a head of snowy white hair gleaming in the room. Over his broad body, hung a navy bluedress shirt and a fuzzy cardigan sweater. He wore slacks, held up awkwardly by a belt, allowinghis small potbelly to hang over it. His face showed the age of worry and stress, and his whitebushy eyebrows and growing second chin showed his old age. His smile greeted me. As I drewclose to him, his aging arms reached out and wrapped around my body and pulled me into a warmloving hug. As he released me from the hug, I said, "Grandpa, I sire some news I want you tohear" as I plopped strike down in the chair beside him. "I wanted to let you know that I am gettingmarried," I told him.The room was left in a dead silence, frozen for a instruct period of time, as we recoveredfrom the i ntensity of the news I had brought him. Reaching for the remote to turn off the television, my grandfather looked at me.Before he could asseverate a word, the excitement of an un look inton grandmother came from the kitchen.Both our eyes looked toward the cheerful light and the sounds of my grandmothers excitemen tAs the excitement faded away, his eyes turned toward mine. Awaiting his comments, my eyeswere open wide. Excitement had fill up my body, because of the news I had just brought him."Wonderful, go ahead and tell me all about it," he exclaimed.Well, I woke up this morning just as I always do, but this time it was to the ringing ofthe phone. I reached for the phone and said "Hello," and on the other end was my boyfriend. He said he needed to see me as soon as possible, so I said "OK," and went to meet him. When I arrived at his house, he met me at the door and asked me to come in and have a seat on the couch,I was a little worried at this time. I sit down on the couch and he kneeled down in front of me on one knee, I just looked at him knowing now, what he was up to. This is what he said, "I know wehave been through a lot here lately, but I also kn ow that we can go through a lot more as long as

Nursing Care Plan for Impaired Social Interaction

NURSING CARE PLAN FOR IMPAIRED SOCIAL INTERACTION ASSESSMENT NURSING DIAGNOSIS SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS object INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE EVALUATION Objectives Dont like to mingle with others. When talked to, he always looked at different directions. Isolate him from others. Does not participate in cover activities. Subjective Ayoko sa kanila makihalubilo minsan kasi pakiramdam ko sasaktan nila ako at pinagtritripan. Impaired Social Interaction related to social isolation of self to others. A state in which an individual participates in either an insufficient or an excessive quantity of social exchange, or with an ineffective quality of social exchange. Short Term Within 1 workweek of nursing interactions and interventions, the patient bequeath1. Minimize his pacing in different directions when talked to.2. Develop a therapeutic nurse-client relationship through frequent, brief contacts and an accepting attitude.3. act to social contacts in the environment such as interacting wit h the staff for a specific period of time. massive Term Within 3 weeks of nursing interactions and interventions, the patient will1. rise effective social interaction skills in both one-on-one and mathematical group settings.2. Will maintain a good relationship with other patients.3. Demonstrate appropriate social interactions.Independent1. Provided opportunities for socialization and encourage participation in group activities.2. Allowed patient time to reveal delusions to you without engaging in a power get by over the content or the reality of the delusions.3.Used a supportive, emphatic approach to focus on patients feelings about troubling events or conflicts.4. Helped patient to identify behaviors that alienate him from the environment.5. Assisted patient in learning neutral social topics such as weather or local events. Dependent 1. Administered medications as ordered and checked after administering.Collaborative 1. Encouraged same nurse to work with the client.1. To increa se the clients abilities and confidence in socializing.2. To understand the feelings he is experiencing.3. Empathy conveys your caring, fill and acceptance of the client.4. To explore the feelings he is undergoing.5. To develop a greater success in social interactions.To control signs and symptoms of hallucinations and delusions of the client and to verify if he swallowed the medicines.1. To promote growth of trusting relationship. Short Term Outcome Met After 1 week of nursing interactions and interventions the client was able to 1. Minimized his pacing in different directions when talked to.2.Developed a therapeutic nurse-client relationship through frequent, brief contacts and an accepting attitude.3. Responded to social contacts in the environment such as interacting with the staff for a specific period of time. Long Term Outcome Met After 3 weeks of nursing interactions and interventions the client was able to1. Demonstrated effective social interaction skills in both one-on- one and group settings.2. Maintained a good relationship with other patients.3. Demonstrated appropriate social interactions.

Changes in Political Culture Between 2004 and 2008 Essay

After reading all of the lecture nones and spending quite some time browsing the internet, I implant three things that dramatically changed mingled with the 2004 and 2008 Presidential resources. Media influence, technology and the change in demographics played major roles in the 2008 elections. Media influence was the number one change betwixt 2004 and 2008. Although the media played a big part of the 2004 elections, that election does not compare to the media frenzy of 2008. In 2008, telecasting became the primary medium for conveying the campaign to Americans.The television channels devoted hours a day to observing every small item, almost all of it live. Little was said back and forth between the campaigns that were not reported quickly by a media outlet. Across the medium, 67% of the time on cable came from talk format or live standup. Only 23% came from reported pieces in which correspondents have control of the message. (2) What press stories made a difference in 2008? Th ither was more reporting on the background and fictitious character of candidates during the primaries, when the process of discovery was new and went on longer.Yet arguably, the two most important stories just about Obama came from a church DVD (the sermon by the Rev. Jeremiah Wright younger ) and a tape made by a blogger doubling as a supporter (Mayhill Fowler) ,working for Huffington Post, who recorded Obamas statement about bitter small-town voters. The reporting on Sarah Palins background in Alaska by various news organizations probably represents the most memorable example of first-hand, pro-active reporting into candidate backgrounds during the general election in 2008. 2) These are just a few of the examples of how the media bandwagon was so influential during 2008. It does not matter the party affiliation or beliefs, we all followed a indisputable media outlet of choice during that time. The second change between 2004 and 2008 was that Americans decided to get out and v ote. Mainly due to the media frenzy, Americans stormed the ballot boxes none the less. Demographics were a very fold second to the media during this time of change. The change in numbers is almost unbelievable.The electo run in last years presidential election was the most racially and ethnically diverse in U. S. history, with nearly one-in-four votes cast by non-whites, according to a new analysis of Census Bureau data by the Pew interrogation Center. (3) The unprecedented diversity of the electorate last year was driven by increases both in the number and in the turnout rates of minority eligible voters. very much of the surge in black voter participation in 2008 was driven by increased participation among black women and younger voters.The voter turnout rate among eligible black female voters increased 5. 1 percentage points, from 63. 7% in 2004 to 68. 8% in 2008. Among all racial, ethnic and gender groups, black women had the highest voter turnout rate in Novembers election a first. Overall, whites made up 76. 3% of the record 131 million people who voted in Novembers presidential election, while blacks made up 12. 1%, Hispanics 7. 4% and Asians 2. 5%. The white administer is the lowest ever, yet is still higher than the 65. 8% white share of the total U.S. population. (3) The third and final thing that changed between the 2004 and 2008 Presidential elections was technology, especially the internet and social media sites. According to a survey conducted by Complete and released by Cisco about the influence of online video and social media applications on Americans political engagement, the Internet was cited by 62 percent of respondents as a regularly used source for 2008 presidential election information and coverage, which was surpassed only by television (82%).Nearly a quarter of Americans (24%) says that they regularly learned something about the campaign from the Internet almost double the percentage from a comparable point in the 2004 campaign ( 13%). (4) The Internet has, and has forever, changed the role of how presidential campaigns are fought, and how Americans contact their political news and information. Were it not for the Internet, Barack Obama would not be president. Were it not for the Internet, Barack Obama would not have been the nominee, said Arianna Huffington, editor in chief of The Huffington Post, at a collection on How Politics and Web 2. Intersect, at the Web 2. 0 Summit in San Francisco. (4) The tools changed between 2004 and 2008. Barack Obama won every single caucus state that matters, and he did it because of those tools, because he was able to move thousands of people to organize, Joe Trippi said. (4) In conclusion I can definitely see the major changes in political culture between the 2004 and 2008 Presidential elections. I also believe these changes started around the 2006 general elections and continued to progress for the next 2 years.It will be very interesting to grab the 2010 general electi ons and 2012 Presidential election to see how much influence the media and internet have. I think it will only progress until there is literally a live camera around anytime a candidate is in a public setting. Hopefully the trend of people getting out to vote is here to stay. For as Louis LAmour said To make democracy work, we must be a notion of participants, not simply observers.

Political Power Essay

A gets B to do something that he or she would not differently do. Does this sum up the essence of political position?political analysis give the axe be defined preferably simply as the analysis of the nature, exercise and distribution of condition.1 This argument is criticised of beingness too broad, excluding closely nothing, nevertheless it is reasonable to argue that post is the central theme which lies throughout the study of politics. Therefore defining the concept of military group is one of the crucial things in the study of politics consequently it is often contested and domiciliate never be agreed among the scholars. This es adduce will focus on so-called the side of meats of government agency controversy in the post war period. First of all, the idea which consists of the first and basic part in interpreting power will be introduced. hence what its critiques argue and their flaws will also be discussed to draw the conclusion how far the argument A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do reflects the essence of power.The faces of power debate was raised from different theoretical traditions and approaches to political analysis. Basically the argument is about whether the concept of power is simple and quantifiable or it is rather complicated and intuitive concept which cannot be measured. Lukes2 acknowledges that this concept can never be settled. Alternatively he accepts the broad definition of power as As ability to get B to do what he or she would not otherwise support done but tries to high spot 3 different ways in which A can influence Bs behaviour decision-making, agenda-setting and thought control.The one face of power power as decision-making was suggested by Dahl in the early post war years. The thesis put forward above was originally proposed by him and this one-dimensional mass of power was significant and influential in 1950s. Power is somehow about acquire things done, and is therefore most clearly re flected in decision and how they are made.3 For Dahl, in order to find out power relationship, three steps are needed. First, a number of decision areas are selected and then the actors involved in that decision and their interests are figured out. Finally by comparing the decisions made and the actors preferences, the power relationship can be revealed. In this sense power is still as a concept which can be simplified and quantified.A clear example was shown in? semipolitical Analysis? Anna buys Bens car for cholecalciferol which is actually worth 800 and both of them are aware of the in fairness value. In this case, Annas power has been exercised over Ben in terms of decision-making since this decision would not extradite been the case if he had an influence in the process. One of the critical assumptions here is that the actors involved are fully aware of the information. Anna could have made this deal without exerting power if Ben did not know the real value. This argument of power as a decision-making does often make sense in tripartite political system where a number of different parties exercise their influence on controversial issues. In this case it is obvious to see the frequency of a particular partys preference coincides with the final decision. Thus, how far they have influence on decision-making can be understood in terms of their political power.However Dahls argument faces critical attack in a sense that it too focuses on its narrow concept of power in decision-making. First of all, since only the call decisions are studied, it raises the problem of how far we are capable of distinguishing key issues and routine issues which are often ignored. Moreover, it does not take the potential power into account. In this manner, the power which is not exerted cannot be regarded as power. For instance, some business groups would not be concerned with the welfare issues until they realise the increased burden for welfare tax. Then it dexterity be p ossible for them to begin exercising their power which has not been exercised without any explicit need for it. Also as assumed from its name, it only uncovers one face of power ignoring other circumstances in which decisions are prevented from happening, the area of non-decision-making.4 This gave a rise to the second face of power argument by Bachrach and Baratz.harmonize to their view, power should be understood as agenda-setting which is the two dimensional approach. Power might be manifested not only in doing things but also in ensuring that things do not get done.5 What they basically insist is that power is exercised in choosing what should be involved in formal discussion and what should not be. In other words, who holds the power needs to be understood in agenda-setting process before the actual decision-making process. In this way, they have broadened the boundary in the concept of power. This merciful of approach is well shown in the liberal democratic system where parti es are seen as the medium of representing a particular preference on issues. However they can actually block a certain kind of issue to be discussed by disregarding it or make an agreement not to raise the issue.It is challenging to quantify the concept of power from this approach nonetheless not impossible. Thus they agree with the one-dimensional approach in a sense that there should be observable and demonstrable evidence of power relationship between the one who exercise power and the other who are subject to the power. However the attempt to typeset the concept of non-decision-making to observable behaviour is entirely arbitrary6 since it does not take in the case in which the subordinated do not recognise themselves as being subordinated. Consequently this problem gave a rise to the third-dimensional view introduced by Lukes.According to his argument, the basic assumption of the above two views is not quite right. What people believe as their interests does not necessarily m ean their real interests. The ability of A to exercise power over B, not by getting B to do what he would not otherwise do, but, by influencing, establishment or determining his very wants7 What is meant here is that power lies in shaping peoples consciousness rather than their actions. In other words, without forcing them to do something visibly it is possible to make them do regarding that as natural and beneficial for them. This can be true where peoples preferences are often influenced by social experiences such as culture, education and media and these can be manipulated by those who have the power. In this way it naturally leads to the concept of false consciousness which reflects the idea that people are prevented from recognizing the fact of its own exploitation8However Lukes argument also faces severe criticism. Back in the example of Anna and Ben, the critical catch is not in the fact that Anna forced Ben to do something that he would not otherwise do, but in the fact th at Ben behaved in a way which is contrary to his genuine interest. This raises a problematic point that who is to know Bens real interests. In effect,It is impossible to argue that peoples perceptions and preferences are a delusion, that their felt needs are no their real need, without a standard of truth against which to judge them.9In this sense this debate become meaningless since there is no scientific method which to prove and make an absolute perceptiveness over this. Furthermore it is contested that nobody is capable of distinguishing the autonomous decision based on real interests and the one based on felt interests being manipulated from powerful.To conclude, the debate over the concept of power has been developed from the shallow one dimensional understanding to a more intuitive and complex three dimensional one. It cannot be said that the effort of developing it into more sophisticated form has always been successful. However through this process, it is true to say that the concept of power has been understood from various approaches which enabled better understanding. Nevertheless the important point to note is that the latter has never attempted to replace or deny the former approach since no single argument can define the political concept of power by its own. Rather, it has its root in the former argument and tries to make it more convincing. From this point of view, power is definitely something which enables A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do. Therefore on one hand, it is possible to say that the essence of power lies in this argument to a certain extent but there can be plural ways depending on approaches in doing so. (1,419 words)ReferencesClegg, S.R. (198911) Frameworks of Power. capital of the United Kingdom wise Publications Ltd.Hay, C. (2002168) Political Analysis A critical introduction. Basingstoke Palgrave.Heywood, A. (2004122, 124, 125, 127 and 128) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstok e Palgrave Macmillan.Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (200026) Power in Contemporary Politics. London SAGE Publications Ltd.BibliographyClegg, S.R. (1989) Frameworks of Power. London SAGE Publications Ltd.Goodwin, B. (1997) Using political ideas (4th edn). Chichester John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000) Power in Contemporary Politics. London SAGE Publications Ltd.Hay, C. (2002) Political Analysis A critical introduction. Basingstoke Palgrave.Heywood, A. (2004) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.McLean, I. & McMillan, A. (2003) Oxford concise dictionary of Politics (2nd edn). Oxford Oxford University Press.1 Hay, C. (2002168) Political Analysis A critical introduction. Basingstoke Palgrave.2 Heywood, A. (2004122) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.3 Heywood, A. (2004124) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.4 Heywood, A. (2004125) Political theory An introduc tion (3rd edn). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.5 Clegg, S.R. (198911) Frameworks of Power. London SAGE Publications Ltd.6 Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (200026) Power in Contemporary Politics. London SAGE Publications Ltd.7 Heywood, A. (2004127) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.8 Heywood, A. (2004128) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.9 Heywood, A. (2004128) Political theory An introduction (3rd edn)). Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.

Flow Induced Vibration

FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A delimited part APPROACH IVAN GRANT Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Nagpur University Nagpur, India June, 2006 submitted in partial ful? llment of requirements for the degree MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY May, 2010 This thesis has been approved for the department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING and the College of fine-tune Studies by Thesis Chairperson, Majid Rashidi, Ph. D. Department & Date Asuquo B. Ebiana, Ph. D. Department & Date Rama S. Gorla, Ph. D. Department & Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Majid Rashidi and Dr.Paul Bellini, who provided essential support and help finished turn out my graduate c beer, and also for their guidance which immensely contributed towards the completion of this thesis. This thesis would not brace been realized without their support. I would also like to thank Dr. Asuquo. B. Ebiana and Dr. Rama. S. Gorla for organism in my the sis committee. Thanks ar also due to my p arents,my brother and fri block offs who have encouraged, supported and inspired me. FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A delimited ELEMENT APPROACH IVAN GRANT ABSTRACT operate induced vibrations of shout outs with internal ? uid ? ow is studied in this work. limited Element Analysis methodology is employ to determine the tiny ? uid stop repress that induces the threshold of tube instability. The partial di? erential equivalence of motion governing the lateral vibrations of the thermionic tube is employed to develop the sti? cape and inertia matrices corresponding to cardinal of the damage of the equations of motion. The Equation of motion further includes a mixed-derivative term that was treat as a source for a dissipative function. The corresponding matrix with this dissipative function was authentic and recognized as the potentially destabilizing factor for the lateral vibrations of the ? id carrying subway. Two tokens of boundary conditions, namely simply-supported and tummytilevered were considered for the squall. The appropriate mass, sti? ness, and dissipative matrices were developed at an fixingsal level for the ? uid carrying cry. These matrices were then assembled to machinate the overall mass, sti? ness, and dissipative matrices of the entire system. Employing the ? nite element model developed in this work two series of parametric studies were conducted. First, a tube with a constant mole thickness of 1 mm was analyzed. Then, the parametric studies were extended to a callwork with variable wall thickness.In this case, the wall thickness of the pipe was modeled to aim subjugate from 2. 54 mm to 0. 01 mm. This study shows that the captious upper of a pipe carrying ? uid bay window be increased by a factor of six as the direct of tapering the wall thickness. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 II Overview of Internal b leed Induced Vibrations in calls . . . . . . literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composition of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv cardinal ix 1 1 2 2 3 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 2. 1 Mathematical Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 1. 1 2. 2 Equations of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 12 12 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 Shape Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formulating the Sti? ness matrix for a yell Carrying smooth-spoken 14 Forming the matrix for the Force that conforms the limpid to the scream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. 2. 4 2. 2. 5Dissipation ground substance Formulation for a Pipe carrying suave 26 inertia Matrix Formulation for a Pipe carrying gas . 28 III F LOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 31 v 3. 1 Forming Global Sti? ness Matrix from Elemental Sti? ness Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3. 2 Applying Boundary Conditions to Global Sti? ness Matrix for simply supported pipe with ? uid ? ow . . . . 33 3. 3 Applying Boundary Conditions to Global Sti? ness Matrix for a rear endtilever pipe with ? uid ? ow . . . . . . . 34 3. 4 MATLAB Programs for assemblage Global Matrices for Simply Supported and stick out pipe carrying ? uid . . . . . . . . . . 35 35 36 3. 5 3. 6 MATLAB computer program for a simply supported pipe carrying ? uid . . MATLAB program for a bottom of the inningtilever pipe carrying ? uid . . . . . . IV FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 4. 1 V parametric Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 5. 1 Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 42 47 50 50 51 54 MATLAB program for Simply Supported Pipe Carrying Fluid . . MATLAB Program for jut Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . MATLAB Program for Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . 54 61 68 VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6. 1 6. 2 Contribution of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendices 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 vi LIST OF FIGURES 2. 1 2. 2 Pinned-Pinned Pipe Carrying Fluid * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Carrying Fluid, Forces and heartbeats acting on Elements (a) Fluid (b) Pipe ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 21 33 34 36 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 Force due to flex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Force that Conforms Fluid to the Curvature of Pipe . . . . . Coriolis Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inertia Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beam Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . race between Stress and Strain, Hooks Law . . . . . . 2. 10 knitting sections remain plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 11 Moment of Inertia for an Element in the Beam . . . . . . . . . 2. 12 Pipe Carrying Fluid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 1 3. 2 3. 4. 1 Representation of Simply Supported Pipe Carrying Fluid . . Representation of cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . Pinned-Free Pipe Carrying Fluid* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reduction of entire Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with vary magnitude Flow focal ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 2 Shape Function Plot for a Cantilever Pipe with increa offendg Flow speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Cantilever Pipe with change magnitude Flow stop num ber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 1 Representation of Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . 39 40 41 42 vii 5. 2 6. 1 Introducing a Taper in the Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . . Representation of Pipe Carrying Fluid and Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 47 viii LIST OF TABLES 4. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4. 2 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Free Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Tapered pipe with increasing Flow Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Tapered Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6. 2 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Overview of Internal Flow Induced Vibrations in Pipes The ? ow of a ? uid through a pipe can impose twinges on the walls of the pipe causing it to de? ect under authorized ? ow conditions. This de? ection of the pipe may lead to structural instability of the pipe.The thorough inherent frequence of a pipe generally decreases with increasing stop number of ? uid ? ow. There are certain cases where decrease in this innate(p) frequency can be very important, such as very high velocity ? ows through ? exible thin-walled pipes such as those used in feed lines to rocket motors and water turbines. The pipe becomes susceptible to resonance or fatigue failure if its natural frequency fire ups under certain limits. With large ? uid velocities the pipe may become unstable. The most familiar form of this instability is the whipping of an unrestricted garden hose.The study of dynamic rejoinder of a ? uid conveying pipe in con junction with the transient vibration of ruptured pipes reveals that if a pipe ruptures through its cross section, then a ? exible continuance of unsupported pipe is left spewing out ? uid and is free to whip about and impact other structures. In power plant plumbing pipe whip is a possible mode of failure. A 1 2 study of the in? uence of the resulting high velocity ? uid on the static and dynamic characteristics of the pipes is therefore necessary. 1. 2 Literature Review Initial investigations on the bending vibrations of a simply supported pipe containing ? id were carried out by Ashley and Haviland2. Subsequently,Housner3 derived the equations of motion of a ? uid conveying pipe much completely and developed an equation relating the fundamental bending frequency of a simply supported pipe to the velocity of the internal ? ow of the ? uid. He also give tongue to that at certain critical velocity, a statically unstable condition could exist. Long4 presented an alternate solution to Housners3 equation of motion for the simply supported end conditions and also treated the ? xed-free end conditions. He compared the analysis with experimental results to con? rm the mathematical model.His experimental results were rather inconclusive since the scoopimum ? uid velocity available for the test was low and change in bending frequency was very small. Other e? orts to treat this subject were made by Benjamin, Niordson6 and Ta Li. Other solutions to the equations of motion show that type of instability depends on the end conditions of the pipe carrying ? uid. If the ? ow velocity exceeds the critical velocity pipes supported at both ends bow out and buckle1. Straight Cantilever pipes fall into ? ow induced vibrations and vibrate at a large amplitude when ? ow velocity exceeds critical velocity8-11. . 3 Objective The objective of this thesis is to implement numerical solutions method, to a greater extent specifically the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to obtain solutio ns for di? erent pipe con? gurations and ? uid ? ow characteristics. The governing dynamic equation describing the induced structural vibrations due to internal ? uid ? ow has been form and dis- 3 cussed. The governing equation of motion is a partial di? erential equation that is fourth order in spatial variable and second order in time. Parametric studies have been coiffureed to examine the in? uence of mass distribution along the space of the pipe carrying ? id. 1. 4 Composition of Thesis This thesis is organized harmonise to the following sequences. The equations of motions are derived in chapter(II)for pinned-pinned and ? xed-pinned pipe carrying ? uid. A ? nite element model is created to solve the equation of motion. Elemental matrices are formed for pinned-pinned and ? xed-pinned pipe carrying ? uid. Chapter(III)consists of MATLAB programs that are used to assemble global matrices for the above cases. Boundary conditions are applied and based on the user de? ned parameters fundamental natural frequency for free vibration is mensural for various pipe con? urations. Parametric studies are carried out in the following chapter and results are obtained and discussed. CHAPTER II FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH In this chapter,a mathematical model is formed by developing equations of a straight ? uid conveying pipe and these equations are later understand for the natural frequency and onset of instability of a cantilever and pinned-pinned pipe. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 Mathematical Modelling Equations of Motion think a pipe of length L, modulus of elasticity E, and its transverse area moment I. A ? uid ? ows through the pipe at pressure p and density ? t a constant velocity v through the internal pipe cross-section of area A. As the ? uid ? ows through the de? ecting pipe it is speed up, because of the changing curvature of the pipe and the lateral vibration of the pipeline. The upright comp whizznt of ? uid pressure applied to the ? uid element and the pressure great power F per unit length applied on the ? uid element by the tube walls compare these accelerations. Referring to ? gures (2. 1) and 4 5 work up 2. 1 Pinned-Pinned Pipe Carrying Fluid * (2. 2),balancing the impels in the Y direction on the ? uid element for small deformations, gives F ? A ? ? ? 2Y = ? A( + v )2 Y ? x2 ? t ? x (2. 1) The pressure gradient in the ? uid along the length of the pipe is opposed by the shear stress of the ? uid friction against the tube walls. The sum of the forces parallel presage 2. 2 Pipe Carrying Fluid, Forces and Moments acting on Elements (a) Fluid (b) Pipe ** to the pipe axis for a constant ? ow velocity gives 0 0 * Flow Induced Vibrations,Robert D. Blevins,Krieger. 1977,P 289 ** Flow Induced Vibrations,Robert D. Blevins,Krieger. 1977,P 289 6 A ?p + ? S = 0 ? x (2. 2) Where S is the inner perimeter of the pipe, and ? s the shear stress on the internal surface of the pipe. The equations of motions of the pipe el ement are derived as follows. ?T ? 2Y + ? S ? Q 2 = 0 ? x ? x (2. 3) Where Q is the transverse shear force in the pipe and T is the longitudinal tension in the pipe. The forces on the element of the pipe normal to the pipe axis accelerate the pipe element in the Y direction. For small deformations, ? 2Y ? 2Y ? Q +T 2 ? F =m 2 ? x ? x ? t (2. 4) Where m is the mass per unit length of the empty pipe. The bending moment M in the pipe, the transverse shear force Q and the pipe deformation are related to by ? 3Y ?M = EI 3 ? x ? x Q=? (2. 5) Combining all the above equations and eliminating Q and F yields EI ? 4Y ? 2Y ? ? ? Y + (? A ? T ) 2 + ? A( + v )2 Y + m 2 = 0 4 ? x ? x ? t ? x ? t (2. 6) The shear stress may be eliminated from equation 2. 2 and 2. 3 to give ? (? A ? T ) =0 ? x (2. 7) At the pipe end where x=L, the tension in the pipe is zero and the ? uid pressure is equal to ambient pressure. Thus p=T=0 at x=L, ? A ? T = 0 (2. 8) 7 The equation of motion for a free vibration of a ? uid conveying pipe is found out by substituting ? A ? T = 0 from equation 2. 8 in equation 2. 6 and is presumptuousness by the equation 2. EI ? 2Y ? 2Y ? 4Y ? 2Y +M 2 =0 + ? Av 2 2 + 2? Av ? x4 ? x ? x? t ? t (2. 9) where the mass per unit length of the pipe and the ? uid in the pipe is given by M = m + ? A. The next section describes the forces acting on the pipe carrying ? uid for each of the components of eq(2. 9) Y F1 X Z EI ? 4Y ? x4 Figure 2. 3 Force due to Bending Representation of the First Term in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid 8 The term EI ? Y is a force component acting on the pipe as a result of bending of ? x4 the pipe. Fig(2. 3) shows a schematic view of this force F1. 4 9 Y F2 X Z ?Av 2 ? 2Y ? x2 Figure 2. Force that Conforms Fluid to the Curvature of Pipe Representation of the Second Term in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid The term ? Av 2 ? Y is a force component acting on the pipe as a result of ? ow ? x2 around a curved pipe . In other words the momentum of the ? uid is changed leading to a force component F2 shown schematically in Fig(2. 4) as a result of the curvature in the pipe. 2 10 Y F3 X Z 2? Av ? 2Y ? x? t Figure 2. 5 Coriolis Force Representation of the Third Term in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid ? Y The term 2? Av ? x? t is the force required to arise the ? id element as each point 2 in the span rotates with angular velocity. This force is a result of Coriolis E? ect. Fig(2. 5) shows a schematic view of this force F3. 11 Y F4 X Z M ? 2Y ? t2 Figure 2. 6 Inertia Force Representation of the Fourth Term in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid The term M ? Y is a force component acting on the pipe as a result of Inertia ? t2 of the pipe and the ? uid ? owing through it. Fig(2. 6) shows a schematic view of this force F4. 2 12 2. 2 Finite Element Model Consider a pipeline span that has a transverse de? ection Y(x,t) from its equillibrium position.The length of the pip e is L,modulus of elasticity of the pipe is E,and the area moment of inertia is I. The density of the ? uid ? owing through the pipe is ? at pressure p and constant velocity v,through the internal pipe cross section having area A. Flow of the ? uid through the de? ecting pipe is accelerated due to the changing curvature of the pipe and the lateral vibration of the pipeline. From the previous section we have the equation of motion for free vibration of a ? uid convering pipe EI ? 2Y ? 2Y ? 2Y ? 4Y + ? Av 2 2 + 2? Av +M 2 =0 ? x4 ? x ? x? t ? t (2. 10) 2. 2. 1 Shape Functions The sum total of the ? ite element method,is to approximate the unknown by an let looseion given as n w= i=1 Ni ai where Ni are the interpolating manikin functions prescribed in legal injury of linear independent functions and ai are a set of unknown parameters. We shall now derive the shape functions for a pipe element. 13 Y R R x L2 L L1 X Figure 2. 7 Pipe Carrying Fluid Consider an pipe of length L and let at point R be at distance x from the left end. L2=x/L and L1=1-x/L. Forming Shape Functions N 1 = L12 (3 ? 2L1) N 2 = L12 L2L N 3 = L22 (3 ? 2L2) N 4 = ? L1L22 L subbing the honours of L1 and L2 we name (2. 11) (2. 12) (2. 13) (2. 14) N 1 = (1 ? /l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 15) (2. 16) (2. 17) (2. 18) 14 2. 2. 2 Formulating the Sti? ness Matrix for a Pipe Carrying Fluid ?1 ?2 W1 W2 Figure 2. 8 Beam Element Model For a two dimensional broadcast element, the translation matrix in terms of shape functions can be verbalised as ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? W (x) = N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 (2. 19) where N1, N2, N3 and N4 are the rendering shape functions for the two dimensional beam element as stated in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18). The displacements and rotations at end 1 is given by w1, ? and at end 2 is given by w2 , ? 2. Consider the point R inside the beam element of length L as shown in ? gure(2. 7) permit the internal strain faculty at point R is given by UR . The internal strain energy at point R can be expressed as 1 UR = ? 2 where ? is the stress and is the strain at the point R. (2. 20) 15 ? E 1 ? Figure 2. 9 Relationship between Stress and Strain, Hooks Law Also ? =E Relation between stress and strain for elastic material, Hooks Law Substituting the esteem of ? from equation(2. 21) into equation(2. 20) yields 1 UR = E 2 (2. 21) 2 (2. 22) 16 A1 z B1 w A z B u x Figure 2. 0 Plain sections remain plane Assuming plane sections remain same, = du dx (2. 23) (2. 24) (2. 25) u=z dw dx d2 w =z 2 dx To obtain the internal energy for the whole beam we integrate the internal strain energy at point R over the tawdriness. The internal strain energy for the entire beam is given as UR dv = U vol (2. 26) Substituting the esteem of from equation(2. 25) into (2. 26) yields U= vol 1 2 E dv 2 (2. 27) Volume can be expressed as a produce of area and length. dv = dA. dx (2. 28) 17 based on the above equation we now integrate equation (2. 27) over the area and over the length. L U= 0 A 1 2 E dAdx 2 (2. 29) Substituting the value of rom equation(2. 25) into equation (2. 28) yields L U= 0 A 1 d2 w E(z 2 )2 dAdx 2 dx (2. 30) Moment of Inertia I for the beam element is given as = dA z Figure 2. 11 Moment of Inertia for an Element in the Beam I= z 2 dA (2. 31) Substituting the value of I from equation(2. 31) into equation(2. 30) yields L U = EI 0 1 d2 w 2 ( ) dx 2 dx2 (2. 32) The above equation for total internal strain energy can be rewritten as L U = EI 0 1 d2 w d2 w ( )( )dx 2 dx2 dx2 (2. 33) 18 The potential energy of the beam is nothing but the total internal strain energy. Therefore, L ? = EI 0 1 d2 w d2 w ( )( )dx 2 dx2 dx2 (2. 34)If A and B are two matrices then applying matrix property of the transpose, yields (AB)T = B T AT (2. 35) We can express the Potential Energy expressed in equation(2. 34) in terms of displacement matrix W(x)equation(2. 19) as, 1 ? = EI 2 Fro m equation (2. 19) we have ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? W = N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2? ? ? W T = ? ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3? ? ? N4 L (W )T (W )dx 0 (2. 36) (2. 37) (2. 38) Substituting the values of W and W T from equation(2. 37) and equation(2. 38) in equation(2. 36) yields ? N1 ? ? ? N 2 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 ? N4 ? ? ? ? ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? dx (2. 39) ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 1 ? = EI 2 L 0 N2 N3 N4 19 where N1, N2, N3 and N4 are the displacement shape functions for the two dimensional beam element as stated in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18). The displacements and rotations at end 1 is given by w1, ? 1 and at end 2 is given by w2 , ? 2. 1 ? = EI 2 L 0 (N 1 ) ? ? ? N 2 N 1 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 N 1 ? N4 N1 ? 2 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 )2 N4 N3 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N4 (N 4 )2 ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ?w2? ? ? 2 (2. 40) where ? 2 (N 1 ) ? ? L ? N 2 N 1 ? K = ? 0 ? N 3 N 1 ? ? N4 N1 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N 2N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 ) 2 N1 N4 ? N4 N3 ? ? N2 N4 ? ? ? dx ? N3 N4 ? ? 2 (N 4 ) (2. 41) N 1 = (1 ? x/l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 42) (2. 43) (2. 44) (2. 45) The element sti? ness matrix for the beam is obtained by substituting the values of shape functions from equations (2. 42) to (2. 45) into equation(2. 41) and integrating every element in the matrix in equation(2. 40) over the length L. 20 The Element sti? ness matrix for a beam element ? ? 12 6l ? 12 6l ? ? ? ? 2 2? 4l ? 6l 2l ? EI ? 6l ? K e = 3 ? ? l 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 6l 2l ? 6l 4l (2. 46) 1 2. 2. 3 Forming the Matrix for the Force that conforms the Fluid to the Pipe A X ? r ? _______________________ x R Y Figure 2. 12 Pipe Carrying Fluid Model B Consider a pipe carrying ? uid and let R be a point at a distance x from a reference plane AB as shown in ? gure(2. 12). Due to the ? ow of the ? uid through the pipe a force is introduced into the pipe causing the pipe to curve. This force conforms the ? uid to the pipe at all times. Let W be the transverse de? ection of the pipe and ? be cant over made by the pipe due to the ? uid ? ow with the neutral axis. ? and ? represent the unit vectors along the X i j ? nd Y axis and r and ? represent the two unit vectors at point R along the r and ? ? ? axis. At point R,the vectors r and ? can be expressed as ? r = cos + sin ? i j (2. 47) ? ? = ? sin + cos i j Expression for slope at point R is given by tan? = dW dx (2. 48) (2. 49) 22 Since the pipe undergoes a small de? ection, hence ? is very small. Therefore tan? = ? ie ? = dW dx (2. 51) (2. 50) The displacement of a point R at a distance x from the reference plane can be expressed as ? R = W ? + r? j r We di? erentiate the above equation to get velocity of the ? uid at point R ? ? ? j ? r ? R = W ? + r? + rr ? r = vf ? here vf is the velocity of the ? uid ? ow. Also at time t r ? d? r= ? dt ie r ? d? d? = r= ? d? dt ? Substituting the value of r in equation(2. 53) yields ? ? ? ? j ? r R = W ? + r? + r (2. 57) (2. 56) (2. 55) (2. 53) (2. 54) (2. 52) ? Substituting the value of r and ? from equations(2. 47) and (2. 48) into equation(2. 56) ? yields ? ? ? ?j ? R = W ? + rcos + sin + r? ? sin + cos i j i j Since ? is small The velocity at point R is expressed as ? ? ? i ? j R = Rx? + Ry ? (2. 59) (2. 58) 23 ? ? i ? j ? ? R = (r ? r )? + (W + r? + r? )? ? ? The Y component of velocity R cause the pipe carrying ? id to curve. Therefore, (2. 60) 1 ? ? ? ? T = ? f ARy Ry (2. 61) 2 ? ? where T is the kinetic energy at the point R and Ry is the Y component of velocity,? f is the density of the ? uid,A is the area of cross-section of the pipe. ? ? Substituting the value of Ry from equation(2. 60) yields 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? T = ? f AW 2 + r2 ? 2 + r2 ? 2 + 2W r? + 2W ? r + 2rr 2 (2. 62) Substituting the value of r from equation(2. 54) and selecting the ? rst,second and the ? fourth terms yields 1 2 ? ? T = ? f AW 2 + vf ? 2 + 2W v f ? 2 (2. 63) Now substituting the value of ? from equation(2. 51) into equation(2. 3) yields dW 2 dW dW 1 2 dW 2 ) + vf ( ) + 2vf ( )( ) T = ? f A( 2 dt dx dt dx From the above equation we have these two terms 1 2 dW 2 ? f Avf ( ) 2 dx 2? f Avf ( dW dW )( ) dt dx (2. 65) (2. 66) (2. 64) The force acting on the pipe due to the ? uid ? ow can be calculated by integrating the expressions in equations (2. 65) and (2. 66) over the length L. 1 2 dW 2 ? f Avf ( ) 2 dx (2. 67) L The expression in equation(2. 67) represents the force that causes the ? uid to conform to the curvature of the pipe. 2? f Avf ( L dW dW )( ) dt dx (2. 68) 24 The expression in equation(2. 68) represents the coriolis force which causes the ? id in the pipe to whip. The equation(2. 67) can be expressed in terms of displacement shape functions derived for the pipe ? =T ? V ? = L 1 2 dW 2 ? f Avf ( ) 2 dx (2. 69) Rearranging the equation 2 ? = ? f Avf L 1 dW dW ( )( ) 2 dx dx (2. 70) For a pipe element, the displacem ent matrix in terms of shape functions can be expressed as ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? W (x) = N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 (2. 71) where N1, N2, N3 and N4 are the displacement shape functions pipe element as stated in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18). The displacements and rotations at end 1 is given by w1, ? 1 and at end 2 is given by w2 , ? . Refer to ? gure(2. 8). Substituting the shape functions determined in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18) ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2 ? ? ? ? N1 w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N3 ? ? ? ? N4 ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? N 4 ? ? dx (2. 72) ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 L 2 ? = ? f Avf 0 N2 N3 25 L 2 ? = ? f Avf 0 (N 1 ) ? ? ? N 2 N 1 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 N 1 ? N4 N1 ? 2 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 )2 N4 N3 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N4 (N 4 )2 ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ?w2? ? ? 2 (2. 73) where (N 1 ) ? ? L ? N 2 N 1 ? ? 0 ? N 3 N 1 ? ? N4 N1 ? 2 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 ) 2 N1 N4 ? 2 K2 = ? f Avf N4 N3 ? N2 N4 ? ? ? dx ? N3 N4 ? ? 2 (N 4 ) ( 2. 74) The matrix K2 represents the force that conforms the ? uid to the pipe. Substituting the values of shape functions equations(2. 15) to (2. 18) and integrating it over the length gives us the chief(a) matrix for the ? 36 3 ? 36 ? ? 4 ? 3 ? Av 2 ? 3 ? K2 e = ? 30l 36 ? 3 36 ? ? 3 ? 1 ? 3 above force. ? 3 ? ? ? 1? ? ? ? ? 3? ? 4 (2. 75) 26 2. 2. 4 Dissipation Matrix Formulation for a Pipe carrying Fluid The dissipation matrix represents the force that causes the ? uid in the pipe to whip creating instability in the system. To formulate this matrix we recall equation (2. 4) and (2. 68) The dissipation function is given by D= L 2? f Avf ( dW dW )( ) dt dx (2. 76) Where L is the length of the pipe element, ? f is the density of the ? uid, A area of cross-section of the pipe, and vf velocity of the ? uid ? ow. Recalling the displacement shape functions mentioned in equations(2. 15) to (2. 18) N 1 = (1 ? x/l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l )(x/l)2 (2. 77) (2. 78) (2. 79) (2. 80) The Dissipation Matrix can be expressed in terms of its displacement shape functions as shown in equations(2. 77) to (2. 80). ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2 ? L ? ? D = 2? Avf ? N1 N2 N3 N4 w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? 0 N3 ? ? ? ? N4 (N 1 ) ? ? ? N 2 N 1 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 N 1 ? N4 N1 ? 2 ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 (2. 81) N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 )2 N4 N3 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N4 (N 4 )2 L 2? f Avf 0 ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ?w2? ? ? 2 (2. 82) 27 Substituting the values of shape functions from equations(2. 77) to (2. 80) and integrating over the length L yields ? ? ? 30 6 30 ? 6 ? ? ? ? 0 6 ? 1? ?Av ? 6 ? ? De = ? ? 30 30 ? 6 30 6 ? ? ? ? ? 6 1 ? 6 0 De represents the elemental dissipation matrix. (2. 83) 28 2. 2. 5Inertia Matrix Formulation for a Pipe carrying Fluid Consider an element in the pipe having an area dA, length x, volume dv and mass dm. The density of the pipe is ? and let W represent the tr ansverse displacement of the pipe. The displacement model for the Assuming the displacement model of the element to be W (x, t) = N we (t) (2. 84) where W is the vector of displacements,N is the matrix of shape functions and we is the vector of nodal displacements which is assumed to be a function of time. Let the nodal displacement be expressed as W = weiwt Nodal Velocity can be found by di? erentiating the equation() with time. W = (iw)weiwt (2. 86) (2. 85) Kinetic Energy of a particle can be expressed as a harvest of mass and the square of velocity 1 T = mv 2 2 (2. 87) Kinetic energy of the element can be found out by integrating equation(2. 87) over the volume. Also,mass can be expressed as the product of density and volume ie dm = ? dv T = v 1 ? 2 ? W dv 2 (2. 88) The volume of the element can be expressed as the product of area and the length. dv = dA. dx (2. 89) Substituting the value of volume dv from equation(2. 89) into equation(2. 88) and integrating over the area and th e length yields T = ? w2 2 ? ?W 2 dA. dx A L (2. 90) 29 ?dA = ?A A (2. 91) Substituting the value of A ?dA in equation(2. 90) yields Aw2 2 T = ? W 2 dx L (2. 92) Equation(2. 92) can be written as Aw2 2 T = ? ? W W dx L (2. 93) The Lagrange equations are given by d dt where L=T ? V (2. 95) ? L ? w ? ? ? L ? w = (0) (2. 94) is called the Lagrangian function, T is the kinetic energy, V is the potential energy, ? W is the nodal displacement and W is the nodal velocity. The kinetic energy of the element e can be expressed as Te = Aw2 2 ? ? W T W dx L (2. 96) ? and where ? is the density and W is the vector of velocities of element e. The expression for T using the eq(2. 9)to (2. 21) can be written as ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2? ? ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? N 3? ? ? N4 ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 Aw2 T = 2 e (2. 97) L 30 Rewriting the above expression we get ? (N 1)2 ? ? ? N 2N 1 Aw2 ? Te = w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? 2 L ? N 3N 1 ? N 4N 1 ? N 1N 2 N 1N 3 N 1N 4 w1 ? ? 2 (N 2) N 2N 3 N 2N 4? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? N 3N 2 (N 3)2 N 3N 4? ?w2? ? 2 N 4N 2 N 4N 3 (N 4) ? 2 (2. 98) Recalling the shape functions derived in equations(2. 15) to (2. 18) N 1 = (1 ? x/l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 9) (2. 100) (2. 101) (2. 102) Substituting the shape functions from eqs(2. 99) to (2. 102) into eqs(2. 98) yields the elemental mass matrix for a pipe. ? ? 156 22l 54 ? 13l ? ? ? ? 2 2? ? 22l 4l 13l ? 3l ? Ml ? M e = ? ? ? 420 ? 54 13l 156 ? 22l? ? ? ? 2 2 ? 13l ? 3l ? 22l 4l (2. 103) CHAPTER III FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 3. 1 Forming Global Sti? ness Matrix from Elemental Sti? ness Matrices Inorder to form a Global Matrix,we start with a 66 null matrix,with its six degrees of freedom being translation and rotation of each of the nodes. So our Global Sti? ness matrix looks like this ? 0 ? ?0 ? ? ? ?0 =? ? ? 0 ? ? ? 0 ? ? 0 ? 0? ? 0? ? ? ? 0? ? ? 0? ? ? 0? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KGlobal (3. 1) 31 32 The two 44 element sti? ness matrices are ? ? 12 6l ? 12 6l ? ? ? ? 4l2 ? 6l 2l2 ? EI ? 6l ? ? e k1 = 3 ? ? l 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 6l 2l ? 6l 4l ? 12 6l ? 12 6l ? (3. 2) ? ? ? ? 2 2? 4l ? 6l 2l ? EI ? 6l ? e k2 = 3 ? ? l 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 6l 2l ? 6l 4l (3. 3) We shall now build the global sti? ness matrix by inserting element 1 ? rst into the global sti? ness matrix. 6l ? 12 6l 0 0? ? 12 ? ? ? 6l 4l2 ? 6l 2l2 0 0? ? ? ? ? ? ? 12 ? 6l 12 ? l 0 0? EI ? ? = 3 ? ? l ? 6l 2 2 2l ? 6l 4l 0 0? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? KGlobal (3. 4) Inserting element 2 into the global sti? ness matrix ? ? 6l ? 12 6l 0 0 ? ? 12 ? ? ? 6l 4l2 ? 6l 2l2 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? EI 12 ? 6l (12 + 12) (? 6l + 6l) ? 12 6l ? ? KGlobal = 3 ? ? l ? 6l 2 2 2 2? ? 2l (? 6l + 6l) (4l + 4l ) ? 6l 2l ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 ? 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 0 0 6l 2l ? 6l 4l (3. 5) 33 3. 2 Applying Boundary Conditions to Global Sti ? ness Matrix for simply supported pipe with ? uid ? ow When the boundary conditions are applied to a simply supported pipe carrying ? uid, the 66 Global Sti? ess Matrix formulated in eq(3. 5) is modi? ed to a 44 Global Sti? ness Matrix. It is as follows Y 1 2 X L Figure 3. 1 Representation of Simply Supported Pipe Carrying Fluid ? ? 4l2 ?6l 2l2 0 KGlobalS ? ? ? ? EI 6l (12 + 12) (? 6l + 6l) 6l ? ? ? = 3 ? ? l ? 2l2 (? 6l + 6l) (4l2 + 4l2 ) 2l2 ? ? ? ? ? 2 2 0 6l 2l 4l (3. 6) Since the pipe is supported at the two ends the pipe does not de? ect causing its two translational degrees of freedom to go to zero. Hence we end up with the Sti? ness Matrix shown in eq(3. 6) 34 3. 3 Applying Boundary Conditions to Global Sti? ness Matrix for a cantilever pipe with ? id ? ow Y E, I 1 2 X L Figure 3. 2 Representation of Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid When the boundary conditions are applied to a Cantilever pipe carrying ? uid, the 66 Global Sti? ness Matrix formulated in eq(3. 5) is modi? ed to a 44 Global Sti? ness Matrix. It is as follows ? (12 + 12) (? 6l + 6l) ? 12 6l ? KGlobalS ? ? ? ? ?(? 6l + 6l) (4l2 + 4l2 ) ? 6l 2l2 ? EI ? ? = 3 ? ? ? l ? ?12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? 6l 2l2 ? 6l 4l2 (3. 7) Since the pipe is supported at one end the pipe does not de? ect or rotate at that end causing translational and rotational degrees of freedom at that end to go to zero.Hence we end up with the Sti? ness Matrix shown in eq(3. 8) 35 3. 4 MATLAB Programs for Assembling Global Matrices for Simply Supported and Cantilever pipe carrying ? uid In this section,we implement the method discussed in section(3. 1) to (3. 3) to form global matrices from the developed elemental matrices of a straight ? uid conveying pipe and these assembled matrices are later solved for the natural frequency and onset of instability of a cantlilever and simply supported pipe carrying ? uid utilizing MATLAB Programs. Consider a pipe of length L, modulus of elasticity E has ? uid ? wing with a velocity v through its inner cross-section having an outside diam od,and thickness t1. The expression for critical velocity and natural frequency of the simply supported pipe carrying ? uid is given by wn = ((3. 14)2 /L2 ) vc = (3. 14/L) (E ? I/M ) (3. 8) (3. 9) (E ? I/? A) 3. 5 MATLAB program for a simply supported pipe carrying ? uid The number of elements,density,length,modulus of elasticity of the pipe,density and velocity of ? uid ? owing through the pipe and the thickness of the pipe can be de? ned by the user. Refer to Appendix 1 for the complete MATLAB Program. 36 3. 6MATLAB program for a cantilever pipe carrying ? uid Figure 3. 3 Pinned-Free Pipe Carrying Fluid* The number of elements,density,length,modulus of elasticity of the pipe,density and velocity of ? uid ? owing through the pipe and the thickness of the pipe can be de? ned by the user. The expression for critical velocity and natural frequency of the cantilever pipe carrying ? uid is given by wn = ((1. 875)2 /L2 ) (E ? I/M ) Where, wn = ((an2 )/L2 ) (EI/M )an = 1. 875, 4. 694, 7. 855 vc = (1. 875/L) (E ? I/? A) (3. 11) (3. 10) Refer to Appendix 2 for the complete MATLAB Program. 0 * Flow Induced Vibrations,Robert D.Blevins,Krieger. 1977,P 297 CHAPTER IV FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 4. 1 Parametric Study Parametric study has been carried out in this chapter. The study is carried out on a single span steel pipe with a 0. 01 m (0. 4 in. ) diameter and a . 0001 m (0. 004 in. ) thick wall. The other parameters are Density of the pipe ? p (Kg/m3 ) 8000 Density of the ? uid ? f (Kg/m3 ) 1000 Length of the pipe L (m) 2 Number of elements n 10 Modulus Elasticity E (Gpa) 207 of MATLAB program for the simply supported pipe with ? uid ? ow is utilized for these set of parameters with varying ? uid velocity.Results from this study are shown in the form of graphs and tables. The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a simply supported pipe 37 38 carrying ? u id are ? n 21. 8582 rad/sec vc 16. 0553 m/sec Table 4. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity balance(v/vc) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16. 0553 0 0. 1246 0. 2491 0. 3737 0. 4983 0. 6228 0. 7474 0. 8720 1 Frequency(w) 21. 8806 21. 5619 20. 5830 18. 8644 16. 2206 12. 1602 3. 7349 0. 3935 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 1 0. 9864 0. 9417 0. 8630 0. 7421 0. 5563 0. 709 0. 0180 0 39 Figure 4. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a Cantilever pipe carrying ? uid are ? n 7. 7940 rad/sec vc 9. 5872 m/sec 40 Figure 4. 2 Shape Function Plot for a Cantilever Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Table 4. 2 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Free Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 2 4 6 8 9 9. 5872 0 0. 2086 0. 4172 0. 6258 0. 8344 0. 9388 1 Fr equency(w) 7. 7940 7. 5968 6. 9807 5. 8549 3. 825 1. 9897 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 1 0. 9747 0. 8957 0. 7512 0. 4981 0. 2553 0 41 Figure 4. 3 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Cantilever Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity CHAPTER V FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH E, I v L Figure 5. 1 Representation of Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid 5. 1 Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid Consider a pipe of length L, modulus of elasticity E. A ? uid ? ows through the pipe at a velocity v and density ? through the internal pipe cross-section. As the ? uid ? ows through the de? ecting pipe it is accelerated, because of the changing curvature 42 43 f the pipe and the lateral vibration of the pipeline. The vertical component of ? uid pressure applied to the ? uid element and the pressure force F per unit length applied on the ? uid element by the tube walls oppose these accelerations. The stimulus parameters are given by the user. Density of the pipe ? p (Kg/m3 ) 8000 Density of the ? uid ? f (Kg/m3 ) 1000 Length of the pipe L (m) 2 Number of elements n 10 Modulus Elasticity E (Gpa) 207 of For these user de? ned values we introduce a taper in the pipe so that the material property and the length of the pipe with the taper or without the taper remain the same.This is done by keeping the inner diameter of the pipe constant and varying the outer diameter. Refer to ? gure (5. 2) The pipe tapers from one end having a thickness x to the other end having a thickness Pipe Carrying Fluid 9. 8mm OD= 10 mm L=2000 mm x mm t =0. 01 mm ID= 9. 8 mm Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid Figure 5. 2 Introducing a Taper in the Pipe Carrying Fluid of t = 0. 01mm such that the volume of material is equal to the volume of material 44 for a pipe with no taper. The thickness x of the lessen pipe is now calculated From ? gure(5. 2) we have out Diameter of the pipe with no taper(OD) 10 mm Inner Diameter of the pipe(ID) 9. mm Outer Diameter of thick end of the Tapered pipe (OD1 ) Length of the pipe(L) 2000 mm Thickness of thin end of the taper(t) 0. 01 mm Thickness of thick end of the taper x mm Volume of the pipe without the taper V1 = Volume of the pipe with the taper ? ? L ? 2 V2 = (OD1 ) + (ID + 2t)2 ? (ID2 ) 4 4 3 4 (5. 2) ? (OD2 ? ID2 )L 4 (5. 1) Since the volume of material distributed over the length of the two pipes is equal We have, V1 = V2 (5. 3) Substituting the value for V1 and V2 from equations(5. 1) and (5. 2) into equation(5. 3) yields ? ? ? L ? 2 (OD2 ? ID2 )L = (OD1 ) + (ID + 2t)2 ? (ID2 ) 4 4 4 3 4 The outer diameter for the thick end of the tapering pipe can be expressed as (5. 4) OD1 = ID + 2x (5. 5) 45 Substituting values of outer diameter(OD),inner diameter(ID),length(L) and thickness(t) into equation (5. 6) yields ? 2 ? ? 2000 ? (10 ? 9. 82 )2000 = (9. 8 + 2x)2 + (9. 8 + 0. 02)2 ? (9. 82 ) 4 4 4 3 4 Solving equation (5. 6) yields (5. 6) x = 2. 24mm (5. 7) Substituting the value of thickness x into equation(5. 5) we get the outer diameter OD1 as OD1 = 14. 268mm (5. 8) Thus, the taper in the pipe varies from a outer diameters of 14. 268 mm to 9. 82 mm. 46The following MATLAB program is utilized to calculate the fundamental natural frequency of vibration for a tapered pipe carrying ? uid. Refer to Appendix 3 for the complete MATLAB program. Results obtained from the program are given in table (5. 1) Table 5. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Tapered pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 20 40 60 80 100 103. 3487 0 0. 1935 0. 3870 0. 5806 0. 7741 0. 9676 1 Frequency(w) 40. 8228 40. 083 37. 7783 33. 5980 26. 5798 10. 7122 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) . 8100 0. 7784 0. 7337 0. 6525 0. 5162 0. 2080 0The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a tapered pipe carrying ? uid obtained from the MATLAB program are ? n 51. 4917 rad/sec vc 103. 3487 m/sec CHAPTER VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the present work, we have utilized numerical method techniques to form the basic elemental matrices for the pinned-pinned and pinned-free pipe carrying ? uid. Matlab programs have been developed and utilized to form global matrices from these elemental matrices and fundamental frequency for free vibration has been calculated for various pipe con? gurations and varying ? uid ? ow velocities.Consider a pipe carrying ? uid having the following user de? ned parameters. E, I v L v Figure 6. 1 Representation of Pipe Carrying Fluid and Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid 47 48 Density of the pipe ? p (Kg/m3 ) 8000 Density of the ? uid ? f (Kg/m3 ) 1000 Length of the pipe L (m) 2 Number of elements n 10 Modulus Elasticity E (Gpa) 207 of Refer to Appendix 1 and Appendix 3 for the complete MATLAB program Parametric study carried out on a pinned-pinned and tapered pipe for the same material of the pipe and subjected to the same conditions reveal that the tapered pipe is more stable than a pinned-pinned pipe.Comparing the following set of tables justi? es the above statement. The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a tapered and a pinned-pinned pipe carrying ? uid are ? nt 51. 4917 rad/sec ? np 21. 8582 rad/sec vct 103. 3487 m/sec vcp 16. 0553 m/sec Table 6. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Tapered Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 20 40 60 80 100 103. 3487 0 0. 1935 0. 3870 0. 5806 0. 7741 0. 9676 1 Frequency(w) 40. 8228 40. 083 37. 7783 33. 5980 26. 5798 10. 7122 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 0. 8100 0. 7784 0. 7337 0. 6525 0. 5162 0. 2080 0 9 Table 6. 2 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16. 0553 0 0. 1246 0. 2491 0. 3737 0. 4983 0. 6228 0. 7474 0. 8720 1 Frequency(w) 21. 8806 21. 5619 20. 5830 18. 8644 16. 2206 12. 1602 3. 7349 0. 3935 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 1 0. 9864 0. 9417 0. 8630 0. 7421 0. 5563 0. 1709 0. 0180 0 The funda mental frequency for vibration and critical velocity for the onset of instability in tapered pipe is approximately deuce-ace times larger than the pinned-pinned pipe,thus making it more stable. 50 6. 1 Contribution of the Thesis Developed Finite Element Model for vibration analysis of a Pipe Carrying Fluid. Implemented the above developed model to two di? erent pipe con? gurations Simply Supported and Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid. Developed MATLAB Programs to solve the Finite Element Models. Determined the e? ect of ? uid velocities and density on the vibrations of a thin walled Simply Supported and Cantilever pipe carrying ? uid. The critical velocity and natural frequency of vibrations were determined for the above con? gurations. Study was carried out on a variable wall thickness pipe and the results obtained show that the critical ? id velocity can be increased when the wall thickness is tapered. 6. 2 Future Scope Turbulence in Two-Phase Fluids In single-phase ? ow,? uc tuations are a direct burden of turbulence developed in ? uid, whereas the situation is clearly more complex in two-phase ? ow since the ? uctuation of the mixture itself is added to the inherent turbulence of each phase. Extend the study to a time dependent ? uid velocity ? owing through the pipe. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Doods. H. L and H. Runyan E? ects of High-Velocity Fluid Flow in the Bending Vibrations and Static Divergence of a Simply Supported Pipe.National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report NASA TN D-2870 June(1965). 2 Ashley,H and G. Haviland Bending Vibrations of a Pipe Line Containing Flowing Fluid. J. Appl. Mech. 17,229-232(1950). 3 Housner,G. W Bending Vibrations of a Pipe Line Containing Flowing Fluid. J. Appl. Mech. 19,205-208(1952). 4 Long. R. H Experimental and Theoretical Study of Transverse Vibration of a tube Containing Flowing Fluid. J. Appl. Mech. 22,65-68(1955). 5 Liu. H. S and C. D. Mote Dynamic Response of Pipes Transporting Fluids. J. Eng. for Industry 9 6,591-596(1974). 6 Niordson,F. I. N Vibrations of a Cylinderical Tube Containing Flowing Fluid. Trans. Roy. Inst. Technol. Stockholm 73(1953). 7 Handelman,G. H A Note on the transverse Vibration of a tube Containing Flowing Fluid. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 13,326-329(1955). 8 Nemat-Nassar,S. S. N. Prasad and G. Herrmann Destabilizing E? ect on VelocityDependent Forces in Nonconservative Systems. AIAA J. 4,1276-1280(1966). 51 52 9 Naguleswaran,S and C. J. H. Williams Lateral Vibrations of a Pipe Conveying a Fluid. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 10,228-238(1968). 10 Herrmann. G and R. W.Bungay On the Stability of Elastic Systems Subjected to Nonconservative Forces. J. Appl. Mech. 31,435-440(1964). 11 Gregory. R. W and M. P. Paidoussis Unstable Oscillations of Tubular Cantilevers Conveying Fluid-I system. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London). Ser. A 293,512-527(1966). 12 S. S. Rao The Finite Element Method in Engineering. Pergamon Press Inc. 245294(1982). 13 Michael. R. Hatch Vibration Simulation Usin g Matlab and Ansys. Chapman and Hall/CRC 349-361,392(2001). 14 Robert D. Blevins Flow Induced Vibrations. Krieger 289,297(1977). Appendices 53 54 0. 1 MATLAB program for Simply Supported Pipe Carrying FluidMATLAB program for Simply Supported Pipe Carrying Fluid. % The f o l l o w i n g MATLAB Program c a l c u l a t e s t h e Fundamental % N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f v i b r a t i o n , f r e q u e n c y r a t i o (w/wn) % and v e l o c i t y r a t i o ( v / vc ) , f o r a % simply supported pipe carrying f l u i d . % I n o r d e r t o perform t h e above t a s k t h e program a s s e m b l e s % E l e m e n t a l S t i f f n e s s , D i s s i p a t i o n , and I n e r t i a m a t r i c e s % t o form G l o b a l M a t r i c e s which are used t o c a l c u l a t e % Fundamental N a t u r a l % Frequency w . lc num elements =input ( Input number o f e l e m e n t s f o r beam ) % num elements = The u s e r e n t e r s t h e number o f e l e m e n t s % i n which t h e p i p e % has t o be d i v i d e d . n=1 num elements +1% Number o f nodes ( n ) i s e q u a l t o number o f %e l e m e n t s p l u s one n o d e l =1 num elements node2 =2 num elements +1 max nodel=max( n o d e l ) max node2=max( node2 ) max node used=max( max nodel max node2 ) mnu=max node used k=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g a G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s Matrix o f z e r o s 55 m =zeros (2? nu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l Mass Matrix o f z e r o s x=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l Matrix o f z e r o s % f o r t h e f o r c e t h a t conforms f l u i d % to the curvature of the % pipe d=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l D i s s i p a t i o n Matrix o f z e r o s %( C o r i o l i s Component ) t=num elements ? 2 L=2 % T o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i n meters l=L/ num elements % Length o f an e l e m e n t t1 =. 0001 od = . 0 1 i d=od? 2? t 1 % t h i c k n e s s o f t h e p i p e i n meter % outer diameter of the pipe % inner d iameter of the pipeI=pi ? ( od? 4? i d ? 4)/64 % moment o f i n e r t i a o f t h e p i p e E=207? 10? 9 roh =8000 rohw =1000 % Modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f t h e p i p e % Density of the pipe % d e n s i t y o f water ( FLuid ) M =roh ? pi ? ( od? 2? i d ? 2)/4 + rohw? pi ? . 2 5 ? i d ? 2 % mass per u n i t l e n g t h o f % the pipe + f l u i d rohA=rohw? pi ? ( . 2 5 ? i d ? 2 ) l=L/ num elements v=0 % v e l o c i t y o f t h e f l u i d f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e p i p e %v =16. 0553 z=rohA/M i=sqrt ( ? 1) wn= ( ( 3 . 1 4 ) ? 2 /L? 2)? sqrt (E? I /M) % N a t u r a l Frequency vc =(3. 14/L)? sqrt (E?I /rohA ) % C r i t i c a l V e l o c i t y 56 % Assembling G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s , D i s s i p a t i o n and I n e r t i a M a t r i c e s for j =1 num elements d o f 1 =2? n o d e l ( j ) ? 1 d o f 2 =2? n o d e l ( j ) d o f 3 =2? node2 ( j ) ? 1 d o f 4 =2? node2 ( j ) % S t i f f n e s s Matrix Assembly k ( dof1 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ (12? E ? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ (6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof3 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ (? 12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ (6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof1 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ (6? E?I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ (4? E? I / l ) k ( dof3 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ (? 6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (2? E? I / l ) k ( dof1 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (? 12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (? 6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof3 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ (12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ (? 6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof1 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ (6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ (2? E? I / l ) k ( dof3 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (? ? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ (4? E? I / l ) % 57 % Matrix a s s e m b l y f o r t h e second term i e % f o r t h e f o r c e t h a t conforms % f l u i d to the curvature of the pipe x ( dof1 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ ( ( 3 6 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof2 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ ( ( 3 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ (( ? 36? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ ( ( 3 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof1 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ ( ( 3 ? ohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof2 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ ( ( 4 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (( ? 1? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof1 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (( ? 36? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof2 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ ( ( 3 6 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof1 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ ( ( 3 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? ) x ( dof2 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ (( ? 1? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ ( ( 4 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) % % D i s s i p a t i o n Matrix Assembly d ( dof1 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ (2? ( ? 30? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ ( 2 ? ( 3 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) 58 d ( dof4 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof1 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ ( 2 ? ( 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof4 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (2? ( ? 1? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof1 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (2? ( ? 30? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ ( 2 ? ( 3 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof4 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) ( dof1 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ ( 2 ? ( 1 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof4 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ ( 2 ? ( 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) % % I n e r t i a Matrix Assembly m( dof1 , d o f 1 )=m( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ (156? M? l / 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 1 )=m( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ (22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 1 )=m( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ (54? l ? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 1 )=m( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ (? 3? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof1 , d o f 2 )=m( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ (22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 2 )=m( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ (4? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 2 )=m( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ (13? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 2 )=m( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (? 3? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) 59 m( dof1 , d o f 3 )=m( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (54? M? l / 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 3 )=m( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (13? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 3 )=m( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ (156? l ? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 3 )=m( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ (? 22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof1 , d o f 4 )=m( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ (? 13? l ? 2?M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 4 )=m( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ (? 3? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 4 )=m( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (? 22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 4 )=m( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ (4? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) end k ( 1 1 , ) = % A p p l y i n g Boundary c o n d i t i o n s k( ,11)= k ( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = k ( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = k x(11 ,)= x( ,11)= x ( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = x ( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = x % G l o b a l Matrix f o r t h e % Force t h a t conforms f l u i d t o p i p e x1=? d(11 ,)= d( ,11)= d ( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = % G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s Matrix 60 d ( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = d d1=(? d ) Kg lobal=k+10? x1 m( 1 1 , ) = m( , 1 1 ) = m( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = m( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = m nerve centre ( t ) zeros ( t ) H=? inv (m) ? ( d1 ) ? inv (m)? Kglobal eye ( t ) zeros ( t ) Evalue=eig (H) % E i g e n v a l u e s v r a t i o=v/ vc % V e l o c i t y Ratio % G l o b a l Mass Matrix % G l o b a l D i s s i p a t i o nMatrix i v 2=imag ( Evalue ) i v 2 1=min( abs ( i v 2 ) ) w1 = ( i v 2 1 ) wn w r a t i o=w1/wn vc % Frequency Ratio % Fundamental N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y 61 0. 2 MATLAB Program for Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid MATLAB Program for Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid. % The f o l l o w i n g MATLAB Program c a l c u l a t e s t h e Fundamental % N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f v i b r a t i o n , f r e q u e n c y r a t i o (w/wn) % and v e l o c i t y r a t i o ( v / vc ) , f o r a c a n t i l e v e r p i p e % carrying f l u i d . I n o r d e r t o perform t h e above t a s k t h e program a s s e m b l e s % E l e m e n t a l S t i f f n e s s , D i s s i p a t i o n , and I n e r t i a m a t r i c e s % t o form G l o b a l M a t r i c e s which are used % t o c a l c u l a t e Fundamental N a t u r a l % Frequency w . clc num elements =input ( Input number o f e l e m e n t s f o r Pipe ) % num elements = The u s e r e n t e r s t h e number o f e l e m e n t s % i n which t h e p i p e has t o be d i v i d e d . =1 num elements +1% Number o f nodes ( n ) i s % e q u a l t o number o f e l e m e n t s p l u s one n o d e l =1 num elements % Parameters used i n t h e l o o p s node2 =2 num elements +1 max nodel=max( n o d e l ) max node2=max( node2 ) max node used=max( max nodel max node2 ) mnu=max node used k=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g a G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s Matrix o f z e r o s 62 m =zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l Mass Matrix o f z e r o s

Cfa Level1 Note – Ethics and Professional Standards

Ethical and passe-partout bars 1. Code of Ethics A. State the four comp matchlessnts of the Code of Ethics. Members of AIMR shall 1. go with integrity, competence, dignity, and in an ethical manner when dealing with the public, clients, prospects, employers, employees, and fellow members. 2. Pr ventureice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will job credit on members and their profession. 3. Strive to maintain and ameliorate their competence and the competence of others in the profession. . Use reasonable c ar and act independent professional judgment. to gear up Standards of Practice 2-I. Standards of Professional Conduct I. Fundamental Responsibilities A. Know the laws and rules. Standard Maintain knowledge of and comply with all relevant laws, rules, and regulations (including AIMRs Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of whatever government, government agency, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or profes sional association governing the members professional activities. meekness Members can acquire and maintain knowledge about applicable laws, rules, and regulations by Maintaining current files on applicable statutes, rules, and regulations. Keeping informed. go overing pen compliance procedures on a regular basis. B. Dont break or help others break the law. Standard non knowingly participate or assist in whatsoever violation of such laws, rules, or regulations. compliance When members suspect a client or a colleague of planning or engaging in ongoing extralegal activities, members should take the following actions Consult steering to determine if the conduct is, in situation, illegal. part from some(prenominal) illegal or unethical activity. When members acquire reasonable grounds to believe that a clients or employees activities atomic number 18 illegal or unethical, the members should dissociate from these activities and urge their firm to attempt to persuade the perpetrator to cease such activity. 2-II. Standards of Professional Conduct II. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the Profession A. Use of Professional engagement II(A. 1) AIMR members whitethorn reference their membership only in a dignified and judicious manner.The workout of the reference whitethorn be accompanied by an surgical explanation of the requirements that have been met to obtain membership in these organizations. II(A. 2) Those who have earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst epithet may use the marks Chartered Financial Analyst or CFA and are encouraged to do so, but only in a proper, dignified, and judicious manner. The use of the designation may be accompanied by an accurate explanation of the requirements that have been met to obtain the right to use the designation. II(A. ) Candidates in the CFA Program, as defined in the AIMR Bylaws, may reference their participation in the CFA Program, but the reference must(prenominal)iness clear ly state that an individual is a aspect in the CFA Program and can non imply that the candidate has achieved any type of partial designation. B. Professional Misconduct II(B. 1) Members shall not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation or identify any act that reflects adversely on their honesty, trustworthiness, or professional competence.II(B. 2) Members and candidates shall not engage in any conduct or commit any act that compromises the integrity of the CFA designation or the integrity or validity of the examinations leading to the award of the right to use the CFA designation. Compliance 1. Make clear that dishonest personalized behavior reflects poorly on the profession. 2. Adopt a code of ethics to which every employee must subscribe. 3. Conduct background checks on potential employees to ensure that they are of good character and eligible to work in the investiture industry.C. Prohibition against Plagiarism Standard Members shall not copy or use, in substantially the equal form as the original, tangible prepared by another without acknowledging and identifying the name of the author, publisher, or source of such material. Members may use, without acknowledgment, factual instruction published by acknowledge financial and statistical reporting services or similar sources. ? ? Compliance 1. Maintain copies of materials that were relied on in preparing the research report. 2.Attribute quotations (and projections, tables, statistics, models, and methodologies) used other than recognized financial and statistical reporting services. 3. Attribute paraphrases and summaries of material prepared by others. 2-III. Standards of Professional Conduct III. Relationships and Responsibilities to the Employer A. Inform your Employer of the Code and Standards III(A. 1) Members shall inform their employer in writing, through their purpose supervisor, that they are obligated to comply with the Code and Stan dards and are subject to disciplinary sanctions for violations thereof.III(A. 2) Members shall deliver a copy of the Code and Standards to their employer if the employer does not have a copy. Compliance Members should notify their supervisor in writing of the Code and Standards and the members responsibility to follow them. The member should in addition suggest that the employers adopt the Code and Standards and pervade it throughout the firm. If the employer has publicly acknowledged, in writing, that they have adopted AIMRs Code and Standards as part of the firms policies then the member need not give the formal written notification as required by III(A).B. Duty to Employer Standard Members shall not undertake any independent practice that could number in compensation or other eudaemonia in competition with their employer unless they obtain written consent from both their employer and the persons or entities for whom they undertake independent practice. ? ? Compliance 1. Memb ers who plan to engage in independent practice for compensation should stomach written statements to their employer describing the types of services they will perform, the expected duration of the services, and the compensation they will receive. . Members should also disclose to their prospective clients the identity of their employer, the fact that they are performing independently of the employer, and what their employer would charge for similar services. 3. Members seeking new employment should not contact alert clients or potential clients prior to leaving their employer or take records/files to their new employer without the written permission of the previous employer. C. Disclose Conflicts between you and your Employer III(C. 1) Members shall disclose to their employer all matters, including unspoilt declareership of securities or other investment fundss, that reasonably could be expected to interfere with their duty to their employer or ability to contact unbiased and neutral recommendations. III(C. 2) Members shall comply with any prohibitions on activities imposed by their employer if a conflict of interest exists.Compliance Members should report to their employers any dependable interest and any special relationships, like corporate directorships, that may reasonably be considered a conflict of interest with their responsibilities. Members should also discuss the situation with their firms compliance officer before fetching any action that could lead to a conflict of interest. D. Disclose Additional Compensation from Outside the Firm to your Employer Standard Members shall disclose to their employer in writing all monetary ompensation or other benefits that they receive for their services that are in addition to compensation or benefits conferred by a members employer. Compliance Members should dispatch an immediate written report to their employer specifying any compensation or benefits they receive or propose to receive for services in addition to what their employer is to give them. This written report should state the terms of any oral or written agreement, the amount of compensation, and the duration of the agreement. E. Responsibilities of SupervisorsStandard Members with supervisory responsibilities, authority, or the ability to influence the conduct of others shall exercise reasonable supervision over those subject to their supervision or authority to prevent any violation of applicable statutes, regulation, or provisions of the Code and Standards. In so doing, members are entitled to rely on reasonable procedures designed to detect and prevent such violations. ? ? Compliance The supervisor and the compliance officer should 1. pass on the compliance procedures. 2. Update the procedures as necessary. 3. Educate the staff and issue periodic reminders. . Incorporate a professional conduct evaluation into the employees exercise inspection. 5. freshen up employee actions to ensure compliance and identify vio lators, initiating procedures once a violation has occurred. A supervisor should respond straightaway to the violation by conducting a thorough investigation, and placing limitations on the wrongdoer until the investigation is complete. 2-IV. Standards of Professional Conduct IV. Relationships with and Responsibilities to Clients and Prospects A. The Investment Process IV(A. 1) Reasonable Basis and Representations. Members shall a.Exercise diligence and thoroughness in making investment recommendations or in taking investment actions. b. Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation, for such recommendations or actions. c. Make reasonable and diligent efforts to neutralize any material misrepresentation in any research report or investment recommendation. d. Maintain appropriate records to support the reasonableness of such recommendations or actions. Compliance 1. Analyze the investments rudimentary characteristics (records must sho w the characteristics of the investment and the basis for the recommendation). . Analyze the needs of the portfolio (includes the clients needs, as fountainhead as the needs of the total portfolio). 3. Maintain files to support investment recommendations. pic IV(A. 2) Research Reports. Members shall a. Use reasonable judgment regarding the inclusion or exclusion of relevant factors in research reports. b. Distinguish between facts and opinions in research reports. c. Indicate the basic characteristics of the investment involved when preparing for public distribution a research report that is not right off related to a specific portfolio or client.Compliance Members should consider including the following information in research reports 1. Expected annual rates of return, calculated on a total return basis. 2. Annual income expectations. 3. Current rate of return or yield. 4. The degree of uncertainty associated with the cash flows, and other risk factors. 5. The investments marketa bility or liquidity. pic IV(A. 3) Independence and Objectivity. Members shall use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in making investment recommendations or taking investment actions. Compliance 1. Protect integrity of opinions.Reports should reflect the analysts unbiased opinion. 2. Disclose all corporate relationships (i. e. , directorships, underwriting arrangements or acting as a market maker). 3. Disclose personal holdings and beneficial ownerships. 4. Create a restricted itemization. 5. Restrict special cost arrangements. Members should pay for their commercial transportation and hotel charges. 6. Limit gifts (US$ coulomb is the maximum acceptable value for a gift or gratuity). 7. Restrict investments (strict limits should be imposed on private placements). 8. Review procedures (supervise the personal investment activities of the employees).B. Interactions with Clients and Prospects IV(B. 1) fiduciary Duties In relationships wi th clients, members shall use particular care in determining applicable fiduciary duty and shall comply with such duty as to those persons and interests to whom the duty is owed. Members must act for the benefit of their clients and place their clients interests before their own. Compliance 1. Follow all applicable rules and laws. 2. Establish the investment objectives of the client. 3. Diversify. 4. Deal fairly with all clients with respect to investment actions. 5. Disclose all possible conflicts of interest. . Disclose compensation arrangements. 7. Preserve the confidentiality of client information. 8. Maintain loyalty to the plan beneficiaries. pic IV(B. 2) Portfolio Investment Recommendations and Actions Members shall a. Make a reasonable interrogative sentence into a clients financial situation, investment experience, and investment objectives prior to making any investment recommendations and shall update this information as necessary, but no less much than annually, to all ow the members to adjust their investment recommendations to reflect changed circumstances. b.Consider the appropriateness and suitability of investment recommendations or actions for each portfolio or client (including the needs and circumstances of the portfolio or client, the basic characteristics of the investment involved, and the basic characteristics of the total portfolio). c. Distinguish between facts and opinions in presenting recommendations. d. Disclose to clients and prospects the basic format and general principles of the investment processes by which securities are selected and portfolios are constructed and shall promptly disclose to clients and prospects any changes that might significantly affect those processes.Compliance Know basic nature of your client know objectives and constraints. pic IV(B. 3) Fair Dealing Members shall deal fairly and objectively with all clients and prospects when disseminating investment recommendations, disseminating material changes in prior investment recommendations, and taking investment action. Compliance 1. Limit the number of people privy to recommendations and changes. 2. Shorten the metre frame between initiation and dispersion. 3. Publish personnel guidelines for pre-dissemination. 4. Simultaneous dissemination. 5. Establish rules about employee commerce activities. . Establish procedures for determining material changes. 7. Maintain a list of clients and their holdings. 8. Develop trade allocation procedures. 9. Make sure one account is not being used to bail out other accounts. 10. If the firm offers differing levels of service, this fact should be disclosed to all clients. pic IV(B. 4) Priority of Transactions Clients and employers shall have priority over transactions in securities or other investments of which a member is the beneficial owner so that such personal transactions do not operate adversely to their clients or employers interests.If members make a recommendation regarding the purchase o r sale of a security or other investment, they shall give their clients and employer adequate opportunity to act on the recommendation before acting on their own behalf. Compliance 1. Define personal transactions. 2. Define covered investments. 3. Limit the number of access persons. Fire Walls should be built to prevent the flow of information from one group or department to other groups within the firm. 4. Define prohibited transactions. The text specifically mentions equity based IPOs. . Establish reporting procedures and prior-clearance requirements. 6. Ensure that procedures will be enforced and establish disciplinary procedures. pic IV(B. 5) Preservation of Confidentiality Members shall preserve the confidentiality of information communicated by clients, prospects, or employers concerning matters within the scope of the client-member, prospect-member, or employer-member relationship unless the member receives information concerning illegal activities on the part of the client, prospect, or employer.Compliance The simplest and most effective way to comply is to avoid discussing any information received from a client except to colleagues working on the same project. pic IV(B. 6) Prohibition against Misrepresentation Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing that misrepresent a. the services that they or their firms are capable of performing. b. their qualifications or the qualifications of their firm. c. the members academic or professional credentials.Members shall not make or imply, orally or in writing, any assurances or guarantees regarding any investment except to communicate accurate information regarding the terms of the investment instrument and the issuers obligations under the instrument. Compliance Firms can provide guidance to employees who make written or oral presentations to clients or prospects by providing a written list of the firms available services and a description of the firms qualifications. pic IV(B. ) Disclosure of Conflicts to Clients and Prospects Members shall disclose to their clients and prospects all matters, including beneficial ownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expected to impair the members ability to make unbiased and objective recommendations. Compliance Members should report to their employers, clients, and prospects any material beneficial interest they may have in securities, corporate directorships, or other special relationships they may have with the companies they are recommending.Members should make the disclosures before they make any recommendations or take any investment actions regarding these investments. pic IV(B. 8) Disclosure of Referral Fees Members shall disclose to clients and prospects any consideration or benefit received by the member or delivered to others for the recommendation of any services to the client or prospect. Compliance 1. Disclose all agreements in writing to any client or prospect who has been referred. 2. Describe in the disclosure the nature of the consideration and the estimated dollar value of the consideration. . Consult a supervisor and legal counsel concerning any prospective arrangement regarding referral fees. 2-V. Standards of Professional Conduct V. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the Investing Public A. Prohibition against Use of Material Nonpublic Information Standard Members who possess material nonpublic information related to the value of a security shall not trade or cause others to trade in that security if such trading would breach a duty or if the information was misappropriated or relates to a tender offer.If members receive material nonpublic information in confidence, they shall not breach that confidence by trading or causing others to trade in securities to which such information relates. Members shall make reasonable efforts to achieve public dissemination of material nonpublic information disclosed in breach of a duty. Compliance Fire walls, min imum elements are 1. Control over interdepartmental communications. 2. Review employee trading against restricted lists. 3. Restrict proprietary trading while the firm is in possession of material nonpublic information.Additional procedures 1. Restrict personal and proprietary employee trading. 2. drive securities on a restricted list when the firm has material nonpublic information. 3. Disseminate material nonpublic information only to those with a need to know. 4. render a supervisor who decides when trading is appropriate. B. Performance presentation Standard 1. Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing, that misrepresent the investment performance that they or their firms have accomplished or can reasonably be expected to achieve. 2.If members communicate individual or firm performance information directly or indirectly to clients or prospective clients, or in a manner intended to be received by clients or prospective clients, members shall make every reason able effort to assure that such performance information is a fair, accurate, and complete presentation of such performance. Compliance Misrepresentation about the investment performance of the firm can be avoided if the member maintains data about the firms investment performance in written form. Investment accounts should be combined into obscures by investment class and risk groups. Standards of Practice Handbook a Demonstrate a thorough knowledge of the Standards of Professional Conduct by recognizing and applying the Standards to specific situations. This is an application of many contrary ethics concepts to different scenarios. After having learned the ethics material in earlier learning outcomes you will be able to apply these concepts to various scenarios as you take the quizzes. b Distinguish between conduct that conforms to the Code and the Standards and conduct that violates the Code and the Standards.This requires looking at different scenarios and possibly applying se veral ethics concepts to each scenario. After you learn and understand the ethics concepts you will be able to apply them to specific situations through the quizzes. 4 AIMR Performance Presentation Standards Handbook a Explain the goals of the AIMR-PPS Standards. The Standards have been designed to meet the following goals To achieve greater uniformity and comparability among performance presentations. To improve the service offered to investment management clients. To enhance the professionalism of the industry. To bolster the notion of self-regulation. Note The Presentation Standards are intended primarily to be performance presentation standards, not performance measurement standards. Portions of the AIMR-PPS are required while some are recommended. AIMR strongly encourages the adoption of both required and recommended components of the Standards. Also, performance presentations may have to provide more than the minimum requirements of the AIMR-PPS to meet the full intent of t he Standards. b Identify the parties affected by the AIMR-PPS standards. Firms. The PPS Standards are voluntary. The PPS are widely recognized as fair and accurate reporting guidelines for investment performance. AIMR Members, CFA Charterholders, and CFA Candidates. The PPS are not explicitly incorporated into the AIMR Code and Standards of Professional Conduct. The PPS does, however, help insure that members, charterholders and candidates are in compliance with Standard V(B), Performance Presentation, so that they will make no material misrepresentation of their performance results. Prospective and Current Clients.The PPS helps clients compare investment performance across firms. The PPS helps clients label their investment managers performance. c Identify the four main topics of the AIMR-PPS standards (i. e. , creation and maintenance of composites, calculation of returns, presentation of results, and disclosures). Creation and maintenance of composites. A composite is a set o f portfolios that follow the same investment style. Calculation of returns. Presentation of results. Disclosures. d Identify what constitutes a valid claim of compliance with the AIMR-PPS standards.To claim compliance, firms must meet all composite, calculation, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Adherence to the basic requirements, however, does not guarantee fair and adequate performance reporting. Compliance with the standards also requires adherence to all applicable laws and regulations. If the firm has made every reasonable effort to ensure that their performance presentation is in compliance with the PPS, the firm can use the following fable? XYZ Firm has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the Performance Presentation Standards of the Association for Investment Management and Research.AIMR has not been involved with the preparation or review of this report. Any use of the mark AIMR except as shown above is prohibited. If results are not in ful l compliance, performance cannot be presented as Being in compliance with the AIMR-PPS except for Statements referring to the calculation methodology used in a presentation as being in accordance or compliance with AIMR-PPS standards are prohibited. AIMR members who misuse the term AIMR, AIMR-PPS standards, or the Compliance Statement are subject to disciplinary sanctions under Standard V(B).