First Perceptions of Blanche Dubois Essay

â€Å"What are your early perceptions of Blanche? † In what ways has Tennessee Williams created this response? The delineation of Blanche Dubois as seen in the first chapter of Tennessee Williams ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ is one of astonishment and acceptance. She has obviously had to travel some distance to reach her destination and I think that this has taken its toll on Blanche and affects her patience later on in the scene, and which may also explain her growing hysteria. The first time the Blanche is depicted by the stage directions, the reader (or view of the play) obviously notices that she does not fit in with the poor, run down area of New Orleans that she had entered: â€Å"Her expression is one of shocked disbelief†¦ looking as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district†¦ Her delicate beauty must avoid a strong light. There is something about her uncertain manner, as well as her white clothes, that suggests a moth† From this description, we can infer that, like a moth that is attracted to the light or flame, which will undoubtedly burn it, she too could be attracted to something that could hurt her in some way. The white that she is wearing also suggests purity and innocence, possibly reflecting her arrival to the alien world. Throughout the first scene, Blanche is constantly interacting with the different characters of the play, including Eunice, Stella and Stanley. She also only talks to these characters singularly, which allows for dramatic irony to develop and also concentrates the interaction between her and another character, which allows her to express her different views to the three characters in the opening scene. I think this allows Blanche to communicate different aspects of her character, and her social class, which seems to alter the way she communicates with the different characters she encounters. Blanche talks to Eunice as if she has not spoken to someone of Eunice’s class very often. She responds to Eunice with short and simple answers and does not seem to want to get into a conversation with her. Towards the end of their conversation, Blanche seems to get impatient, as she wants to be left alone and has a small outburst: â€Å"What I meant was I’d like to be left alone†. I think this reflects Blanche’ belief of her social class, and that she is above others (especially the black, lower class). After her encounter with Eunice, Blanche is given a short amount of time to reflect on her new surroundings, which she is obviously not comfortable with or use to by her statement to herself: â€Å"I’ve got to keep hold of myself†. This shows the tension and hysteria building up within her, which will later on be released. Blanche is much more open and talkative with her sister, and is thrilled to see her, although disappointed to see that Stella is living in such an area of New Orleans. There seems to be tension between the two sisters, created by their uneasiness of how they talk of their past and the anxious, tension building stares that they give each other, and the way that Blanche seems to control the conversation; trying to keep herself talking until she has to stop and realize the reality of her situation and where she is. Blanche also seems to be very defensive of herself, and talks of her pain of watching the people around her die in her own home. She seems to think that Stella may look down on her for losing Bell Reve, and becomes hysterical towards the end, until she reaches another climax and bursts out with: â€Å"I let the place go? Where were you? In bed with your – Polak! † . Blanche also seems concerned with her own self image: â€Å"But don’t look at me, Stella, no, no, no, not till I’ve bathed and rested! â€Å". I think that this also is due to her class and her belief that she is of a higher social status than the people around her (with the possible exception of her sister). Her other weakness seems to be her drinking. She nervously looks around in Stella’s and Stanley’s flat for some alcohol and has some, but later on says (indirectly) that she had not had one and that she would only drink one a day. I think this may show Blanche’ nervousness and what she may do when she is nervous. She therefore may use alcohol as an escape from reality, and the place, which she finds herself in. Blanche seems a bit uneasy around Stanley when they first encounter, and is much less talkative than she is to Stella (possibly, again due to her social class beliefs). Also, I think she is not used to people being so direct with her, as Stanley asks her a personal question to do with her last love quite early. This ends in a climax and her proclaiming: â€Å"I’m afraid ‘m going to be sick†. Looking at the scene as a whole, I can see that Blanche is not use to her new environment, and that she is finding it difficult to get used to her settings, possibly because she was caught completely by surprise when she discovered where her sister lived. This I think has took its toll on Blanche as it has weakened her throughout the first scene and made her slightly hysterical.

A Reflective Writing

Student life is one of the most beautiful experiences ever.   Many things not learned in the home, in the workplace and within the vicinity are all enjoyed and encountered in school.One thing is worth mentioning, I could not have appreciated the beauty and exquisiteness of life as a student without the tedious requirements, blunders in the course of the performance of all those required of us and achievements at the end of the day.   Here are some worth-mentioning experiences and are worth-sharing.Practicum IV was very challenging.   I had it with College Champigne.   Expectations I had with the school and with the students were high.   I had to prepare as much as I could to meet the standards.   The students were in their high school, advanced grade 2 level.At the beginning of my teaching experience, I made sure to encourage the use of plain English as a mode of communication, either with me or with their classmates.   I introduced L2 standard of teaching thinking that all students having reached such level are capable of performing in that level.To my despair, I noticed that immediately utilizing L2 standard poses difficulty in the students.   Evaluation conducted yielded low result in the students’ performance. With this observation, I had to adjust my manner of teaching.Some performed low, so I had to get back to L1 to be able to cope with the needs and the capability of the students.   In responding to this problem, I also talked with the students personally.   I had to know their individual difficulties so I may be able to apply the best method suitable for all of them, without disregarding some students behind. This, for me, is the essence of a teacher as a critic and interpreter of knowledgeNevertheless, constant communication is English had been the policy.   Consistency and insistent use of the language, I believe, etched in the minds of the students the value of learning English and the use of it in day to day life.   I made sure to be a model in the use of the language myself; otherwise, the student would not have the encouragement to use the same.I designed strategies suitable to all 38 students.   First thing to note is that as a teacher, I should have a positive mind in all the undertakings.   In some activities, I make sure that both oral and written practices are applied.   In the grammar portion, I asked the students to read a fairy tale, for example.   The story is read orally, the students also had some group work wherein they are able to share their opinions and thoughts on the story.After the oral activity is the written one. In the discussion on verb tenses for instance, the students are asked to fill out the blanks of the appropriate verb tense.   They also had home works to work on.   With the aid of fairy tales also, the students are able to make plot diagrams to assist them in their group discussion.   Students who chose the same fairy tale are grouped together.Moreov er, the students are asked to make body biography of the characters of the story assigned.   This enables them to relate the story to the class the next day.   This also enables them relive the story during the course of the discussion.   Each group is to make a body biography and relate the same to the class.   They also had jigsaw reading and the reader’s theater.   The latter made use of a video where they had to make the editing themselves.All these involve the participation of everyone, enhancing the confidence of the students as they work with their peers.

Corporate social responsibility provides greater benefits to the Assignment

Corporate social responsibility provides greater benefits to the organisation than it does to society and other stakeholders - Assignment Example The rationale of CSR has been articulated in numerous ways, which emphasize on building of sustainable businesses, which require stable economies, markets and communities (Roberts and Baker 7). Needless to mention that, most individuals ranging from students, managers or even employees are conversant to Corporate Social Responsibility, in businesses, community, and media. Although, CSR has various definition that are given in accordance to the organizations and or companies that practise it, it is clear that social responsibility is a mandate that decision makers ought to make in protecting and improving the welfare of the society in respect to their own interests (Cosans 396) Constituents of Corporate Social Responsibility: benefits to the organisation Corporate Social Responsibility is made up of constituents, which are necessary in making an impact in both the companies and the society. To begin with, companies have responsibilities other than the usual production of goods and ser vices to make a profit. Basically, the responsibilities entail assisting in solving important social challenges particularly those that they have contributed towards. Moreover, corporations have wider elements as compared to stockholders where the impact goes beyond market transactions to serve a larger population of people in the society (Mulligan 266). Never the less, CSR in companies can be tricky especially when it comes to application of ethical standards. For instance, most of the morals standards present in companies tend to conflict with each other because it is still unclear which standards should take priority. Somewhat, companies have the responsibility of respecting ethical values and principles in relation to pursuing company objectives, which translate to high profit margins. Of importance to note is that, the ethics of business make a company socially responsible. Once a company practise good business ethics, then it becomes easier for companies to participate in soci al responsibility (Roberts and Baker 8). Enhancing Brand and Image Reputation CSR in an organization or a company ensures that its reputation and brand continuously grow in reference to their practise. Hence, CSR programmes are bound to provide numerous chances especially when they want to communicate to the stakeholders by use of messages. In relation to reputation, CSR is involved in ensuring that it management any reputation risk that may tend to harm the image of the company in one way or another (Bejou 3). Additionally, companies involve themselves in projects within the society that enhance awareness from the public, a situation that translates to an improved reputation. Consequently, companies should be conversant with the needs of the customers, partners and suppliers. The action and behavior of the company toward these three stake holders automatically enhances the company’s brand. Once a company has a good perception in terms of image reputation and brand, a culture of understanding is created between the society and the company (Mulligan 268). For instance, it is the business of companies to works in the interest of behaving responsibly especially when some groups of activists are not comfortable with some of the aspects that have been put forward by the company. Thus, CSR plays a crucial role in ensuring that the company benefits through brand and image reputation. Increased Sales and Customer Loyalty It is evident that CSR does not only entail social

(Authors Choice) One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest discussion and Essay

(Authors Choice) One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest discussion and summary - Essay Example It turns out that patients in the asylum have no rights and no life of dignity. The ward in the mental institute, where McMurphy gets to, is run by Nurse Ratched, who is a tyrant with sadistic inclinations. She cows and terrorizes the patients, most of whom have admitted the asylum on their own desire. McMurphy sees that many of the patients are not insane and he revolts against Nurse Ratched and her methods of â€Å"treatment† and â€Å"care†. He wants to teach people to be free and happy. In the course of the film, you see that sanity is a matter on question, while nurse Ratched seems to be more abnormal and socially dangerous then most of the patients do. Besides, you can’t get rid of indignation about the humiliating position that the patients of the mental institute are put into, as well as start doubting as to the appropriateness of many methods of treatment and the verity of some diagnosis set. McMurphy finds close friends in the ward. He treats Billy Bibbit, a patient with suicidal syndrome, permanently humiliated and frightened by nurse Ratched, as his younger brother, who needs his support and guard. â€Å"Chief† Bromden, a huge Native American, considered to be deaf and submitted with schizophrenia, becomes McMurphy’s confidant, after he learns that Chief is not deaf and is quite sane. McMurphy decides to treat patients in his own way. He teaches them to enjoy life, playing cards and basketball with them, and taking them fishing on a boat without permission. Having learnt that many of the patients were submitted to the ward voluntarily, he attempts to show them the prerogatives of the free life outside the hospital. Despotic Nurse Ratched starts putting screws on patients. For the first time, they are severely punished by electro shock (which is to be a way of treatment but not punishment). It is surprising that the rest of the staff doesn’t resist the obviously illegal actions of their chief as if everything that

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

None - Essay Example Factors such as corruption and injustice have prevented the establishment of infrastructure in rural areas that would help in job creation. Leaders using public offices for personal gains have contributed to the migration. They include issues affecting the society such as education, health and security among others (Branigan 24). Some individuals move into urban areas to seek better health facilities due to lack of hospitals in rural areas. Higher learning institutions in major Chinese towns also attract students who later settle in these urban areas as they seek employment opportunities. Increasing population in some rural regions of China has also led to people migrating to less occupied urban centers. A persons health status in a city will depend on the economic stability of the individual. Most people in urban areas are employed, therefore, have a stable income part of which may be used in payment of health services. However, there are individuals who do not secure jobs in urban areas leading to low class settlement schemes such as slums. In China, the high population in urban areas has contributed to development low living standards where individuals do not have access to good health and education services. Individuals living in cities have access to improved health institutions with qualified doctors unlike in the rural areas where quacks have taken over the health sector. Since most rural regions in China have already invested in Agriculture, most individuals do not find the importance of education. In urban centers, children come up with jobs such as delivering counterfeit goods and drugs which have led to high insecurity rates. According to research, urban areas have higher insecurity rates than rural areas contributed to by increased rural-urban immigration. To survive in these Chinese cities, one had to come up with modern day strategies such as coming up with business ideas. Individuals should

Department of Maritime and Logistics Management Essay

Department of Maritime and Logistics Management - Essay Example The industry has become saturated due to several negative external environmental impacts. Therefore, it is important for the new comers to understand the appropriate demand for the air service before developing a new business. Discussion This part of the essay will determine the key factors that need to understand before deciding the demand for a new airline business. Moreover, the study will identify the implications for the operation of an airline regarding the mixed passenger and freight model. Answer 1 It is important for a newly developed organization to do a market survey to understand several business factors. Knowledge about market competition will help the organization to develop an effective business plan. Moreover, the organization needs to review effective internal resources and capability of the organization. Defining Idea, gathering information about market competition, effective resources, customer demand and feasibility assessment will help the organization to move fo rward. Global airline industry has become highly saturated due to intense competition and several political and economical challenges. Recent financial crisis and global economic recession affected the global economic environment. Low purchasing power, limited disposable income of people and negative economic growth rate are the major consequences of this economic slowdown. People are trying to save more rather than consuming products and services due to this economic distress. Therefore, it is important for the organization to utilize the resources in such a way that can reduce the business operation cost. Effective operation cost reduction can help the organization to implement competitive pricing strategy. Effective competitive pricing strategy will help the organization to achieve potential competitive advantages. Airline industry is considered as the service industry. People always expect better service against their air ticket fare. Now-a-day, the global airlines are trying to implement CRM strategies in order to satisfy the needs of customer. Slowly and gradually, effective customer relationship management will help the organization to develop a potential target customer base (Winsveen, 2012, p.13). Therefore, the major objective of the organization would be providing effective in-flight customer service against low competitive ticket price. Employees are considered as the strongest asset in a service providing organization. Skilled and trained pilots, flight attainders and air hostesses are considered as the major competitive strength of an airline organization. Effective organizational and work place culture need to be adopted by the organization to develop an effective workforce. The organization should focus on employment benefits of the employees in order to increase the motivation level of the employees (Bowhill, 2008, p.333). Highly motivated employees will try to perform more effectively. Low turn around time and high frequency of flights increa se the core competency of the airlines. The organization needs to provide effective training and development programme to increase the skills of the employees. Effective turnaround time management will enhance effective customer relationship management. Therefore, the organization needs to treat their employees and vendors as their own family members. Then only they can achieve effective competiti

Critique of Uncle Sam The Deluxe Edition By Steve Darnall and Alex Essay

Critique of Uncle Sam The Deluxe Edition By Steve Darnall and Alex Ross - Essay Example Darnall and Ross argue that the US is no longer the ideal democracy or the land for all as envisioned in the dreams of the founding fathers. The main points that will be highlighted in this paper include the purpose of Darnall and Ross in writing the comic narrative, and an assessment of the text and the writer’s effectiveness in achieving their purpose. Lastly, the paper will respond to the text by identifying the views that have been discussed by the authors. In summary, the intent or the purpose of the creators in writing the paper is to highlight and inform the readership on the shortfalls of the modern American society and its administration. Information is the main purpose in the comic as the voice over in the comic illustrations and the dialogue bubbles contain information that is of historical significance to the American society. The historical allusions employed by the authors show that the main purpose of their writing is to provide the readers with information on t he argument that the American society is not as free as envisioned in the dream of the founding fathers. Darnall and Ross manage to effectively achieve the purpose of their writing through use of various comic vocabulary and visual aspects. The use of comic narratives in passing an informative and political message is unconventional. Political subjects and topics are usually discussed through scholarly, news and other form of activism materials.

Home Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Home Design - Assignment Example Surface-mounted fans provide good ventilation for smaller areas. Large houses may need more than one. Remote-mounted fans can pick up stale air from a single point. Or, they can be attached to a branched duct system with picks ups in two or three locations. This makes them a good choice for large houses. If properly rated, the fan could be attached to a range hood. Large houses and several multifamily units can be ventilated by a single multiport fan. Some units can accept a duct from the range hood. Most operate at two or more speeds. Several manufacturers sell complete kits with all the ducts and accessories. These may cost a bit more, but the kits simplify installation. This type of heat-recovery ventilator provides balanced air flow and recovers up to 85 percent of the heat from outgoing air. By warming the incoming air, AAHXs provide greater comfort in cold climates than other types of ventilation systems. Units can be sized for any home and small commercial buildings. By employing a heat pump unit about the size of a window air conditioner, an exhaust air heat pump (EAHP) offers exceptional heat recovery efficiency. It can also provide most of the hot water needed by an average family. While the exhaust fan is controlled by timers, heat recovery engages only when hot water is needed. Solar attic fans are a new group of products that use solar energy to move hot attic air. Attic exhaust fans remove hot air from attic spaces, while whole house fans remove hot air from both living spaces and the attic at the same time. * Whole House Fan in Cathedral Ceiling Whole house fans provide enormous air movement through out your home. Install one in a home with a cathedral ceiling. It can be done. * Crawl Space Vents Crawl spaces collect and condense water vapor. Crawl space ventilation is necessary to prevent mildew or rot. Vapor barriers may provide better protection than crawlspace vents. * Roof Ventilation with Turbine Vents Turbine vents can replace the hot air

Behaviour in Social and Work Organisations Essay

Behaviour in Social and Work Organisations - Essay Example As argued out by McShane & Glinow (2009), the MARS model contains four pertinent aspects that directly impact on an individual’s performance. At the outset, motivation has been suggested to be the best strategy open to managers bent on boosting employee performance. The ability of an individual to perform a certain task should be critically analysed before placement. It is therefore imperative for managers to avoid any disparity between abilities and job profile during placement (Newstrom, 2007). An individual should behave within the parameters of the position occupied in the society. Newstrom (2007) maintains that no employee should be given roles conflicting with his or her culture. Finally, all the internal and external factors in an organisation must be favorable (Bratton, J. et.al, 2007) to allow an individual to perform. The Johari window has been used in explaining how people interact with one another. Anita (as cited in McShane & Glinow, 2009), explains that the Johari window has four panes which divides a person’s awareness into four different types. In the public pane is all the information about our lives that we bare open to the public. I may have a speck on my face and unless I use a mirror, I’ll never learn of the presence of the speck. Other people can observe this speck and thus know something I don’t know. This is my hidden or blind pane. The unknown pane on the other hand contains information about me that is not known to anyone including myself (McShane & Glinow, 2009). Such information could take the form of dreams or visions. Finally, the private pane contains an individual’s secrets kept hidden from others. Opening this private pane is called self-disclosure (Anita as cited in McShane & Glinow, 2009) which has its dangers. The EVLN model has been designed to explain the behaviour patterns of dissident members in an organisation intend on changing the

Different Approaches to the Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free

Different Approaches to the Meaning of Life Essay The question what is the meaning of life? is often treated as a paradigmatic head in the clouds sort of philosophical question that more practical people shouldnt have the time for, but its actually a question of tremendous practical importance. Further, it is a question to which most people, even those who claim to have no interest in such questions, answer implicitly with the lives they chose to lead. So if you don’t want to bother with such questions, and just want to enjoy yourself, you are effectively saying that enjoyment is the ultimate point of human life. If you spend your life pursuing one of, say, money, power, pleasure, or religious understanding, then you implicitly commit yourself to such organizing principles representing what is really important in life. The choices we make in our lives are often governed by such implicit conceptions of what is most important to us, and while it may be that, say, being happy is the most important thing, it may take a certain amount of reflection on these larger questions to become clear about this. Some might think that thinking about questions like the meaning of life is itself the most important thing for us to do, but even if we don’t, we can still see that it is very important to spend at least some time doing, since such organizing principles are too important for us to accept without reflecting on them at all. Further, if there really is a point or meaning to our lives, and we live our lives according to a different principle (say if we live for enjoyment when serving God is the real purpose of life, or (conversely) if we spend our lives in prayer when enjoying life is its real purpose) then we may have literally wasted our lives. Since that is something we shouldnt want to do, it seems that, if life does have a purpose, we would do well to know what it is. On the other hand, if life doesnt have a purpose, it might be good to know that rather than spending it serving some illusory ideal, though this latter point is more controversial. If life did have no meaning, and there was no point to anything we did, then it might seem better not to investigate this topic at all, since looking in to it would only cause us distress. (Though if life really were meaningless, the fact that we were so distressed would not really matter. ) 2. Four Approaches to the question of life’s meaning. While the authors covered in the class give many varied answers to the question of what the meaning of life is, and some dont give a clear answer to it at all, they all fall into one of four groups when it comes to thinking about that kind of answer the questions should have. That is to say, there are four different approaches to the question: What is it that determines the meaning of our lives? 1 I. Radical Objectivists. This first group (which includes Plato, Epictetus, Schopenhauer, as well as James and Tolstoy in their post-crisis periods) take what really matters to be determined by factors that are completely independent of us (be it God, Reason, Nature, the Form of the Good or just the way things are). Its our responsibility to live up to these standards, but there is no sense in which these standards come from us. (Schopenhauer, while he denies that God exists, has a touch of this when he insists that a life of intellect just is objectively better (and not just happier) than a life of passion and willing). This might, of course, seem to make lifes purpose too remote from our actual lives, which might lead one to become one of the II. Theorists of Human Nature In this second group we can include Aristotle, Marx and Epicurus. Like the radical objectivists they take the purpose of life to be something given, that is, its an objective fact that we arent at liberty to change, but unlike the radical objectivists, they think that this fact is grounded in objective facts about our own natures. Our shared human nature is what determines what is the best life for all of us. Still, it may be hard to defend this sort of view unless one were already a radical objectivist, since without such an overarching framework, its much harder to think of humans as having a such a fixed essence or nature, which might lead one to become one of the III. Constructivists This third group (which includes Nietzsche, Sartre, Hare, and Nagel (from his more subjective perspective)) ground the purpose of our lives in our own drives, desires and wants. However, unlike the theorists of human nature, they dont take such drives to be objective in the sense of being independent of our attitudes towards them. For these philosophers, the drives etc. that ground the purpose of our lives can change, and are (to a certain extent) under our (not always conscious) control. Because of this, the meanings of our lives, such as they are, are things that we make. Unfortunately, one might doubt that transient creatures like ourselves are up to the task of making such meanings, in which case one might become one of the IV. Nihilists This last group (which includes Camus, Nagel (from his more objective perspective) and James Tolstoy (when they were in crisis mode)) agree with the constructivists that there are no objective facts which could determine a purpose to our lives, but also believe that something as ephemeral as our passing desires and drives is not enough to make a life really meaningful. Consequently, in the absence of any objective meaning, life must ultimately have no meaning at all, and there is, ultimately, no ‘point’ in doing anything. This final spot is not a happy one to be in, and its perhaps not surprising that James and Tolstoy both bounce from #4 back to #1 when the prospect of living with #4 becomes too bleak. Still, while it can seem natural to slip from 1 to 2, from 2 to 3 and from 3 to 4, and 4 to despair, lots of people have argued that the slide can be stopped at various points along the way. 1 As a result, every point on the spectrum has it supporters, though no position on it seems completely stable, which is why the question will probably always continue to be debated. 1 H a r e , f o r in s ta n c e , c a n b e u n d e r s to o d a s a r g u in g th a t th e th r o u g h th a t 3 le a d s to 4 c o m e s f r o m a c o n f u s io n a b o u t w h a t it is to m a tte r .

Observational Evidence for Dark Energy

Observational Evidence for Dark Energy In this part we concisely discuss the observational evidence of dark energy. The universe seems to be growing at an increasing rate. Dark energy is one of the ultimate cosmological mysteries in modern physics. Even Albert Einstein thinks of a repulsive force, called the cosmological constant, which would counter gravity and keep the universe stable. He unrestrained the idea when astronomer Edwin Hubble experimentally discovered in 1929 that the universe is expanding. Observational evidence for dark energy didn’t come along until 1998; when two teams of researchers discovered it. Some believe that is because the universe is filled with a dark energy that working in the opposite way of gravity. The value for the expansion rate is 73.8 kilometers per second per mega parsec. It means that for every further million parsecs (3.26 million light-years) a galaxy is from Earth, the galaxy seems to be roving 73.8 kilometers per second quicker away from us. Luminosity distance: In 1998 the accelerated expansion of the universe was pointed out by two groups from the observations of Type IA Supernova. We regularly use a redshift to portray the development of the universe. This is identified with the way that light emitted by stellar objects gets to be red-shift because of the emerging of the universe. The wavelength increases proportionally to the scale factor, whose impact might be calculated by the redshift, An alternate essential idea identified with observational tools in an expanding background is associated to the definition of a distance. Actually there are a few methods for measuring separations in the extending universe. For example one frequently manages the comoving separation which stays unaltered throughout the advancement and the physical separation which scales relatively to the scale variable. An alternative method for characterizing a separation is through the luminosity of stellar objects. The separation known as the luminosity distance, assumes an extremely vital part in space science including the Supernova observations. In Minkowski space time the absolute luminosity of the source and the energy flux at a distance d is related through By summing up this to an expanding universe, the luminosity distance, , is defined as Give us a chance to think about an object with total luminosity located at a coordinate distance from a viewer at .The energy of light emitted from the object with time interval is indicated as while the energy which arrives at the domain with radius is written as . We note that and are relative to the frequencies of light at andi.e. and. The luminosities and are , The speed of light is given by, where and are the wavelengths at and. At that point from Eq. (29) we have Also we have used .Linking eqn and eqn The light traveling along the χ direction fulfills the geodesic equation .We then get Where .From the FRW metric [] we find that the region of the circle at is given by .Consequently the observed energy flux is Substituting eqn () we find the luminosity distance in an expanding universe: In the flat FRW background with we can find So the Hubble rate can be stated in term of If we amount the luminosity distance observationally, we can conclude the expansion rate of the universe. The energy density on the right hand side of Equation contains all components present in the universe. Here and link to the equation of state and the present energy density of each component, respectively. where is the density parameter for an individual component at the present age. Hence the luminosity distance in a flat geometry is given by Type 1a Supernova (Standard Candles): To discover distances in space, scientists use entities called standard candles. Standard candles are objects that give a certain, known measure of light. Since cosmologists know how intense these objects actually are, they can measure their separation from us by investigating how dim they appear. For instance, say youre remaining on a road equitably lined with lampposts. As indicated by an equation known as the inverse square law, the second streetlamp will look one-fourth as brilliant as the first streetlamp, and the third streetlamp will look one-ninth as splendid as the first streetlamp, etc. By judging the dimness of their light, you can without much of a stretch figure how far away the streetlamps are as they extend into the separation. For short separations in space — inside our world or inside our neighborhood gathering of adjacent universes — cosmologists utilize a kind of star called a Cepheid variable as a standard candles. These adolescent stars pulse with a brilliance that firmly identifies with the time between beats. By watching the way the star beats, cosmologists can ascertain its real brilliance. Anyway past the neighborhood gathering of universes, telescopes cant make out distinct stars. They can just recognize substantial gatherings of stars. To measure separations to far-flung systems, in this manner, space experts need to discover inconceivably brilliant objects. The immediate confirmation for the current acceleration of the universe is identified with the perception of luminosity distances of high redshift supernovae .The clear magnitude of the source with an absolute magnitude is identified to the luminosity distance through the This originates from taking the logarithm of Eqn () by noting that and are identified with the logarithms of and, individually. The numerical variables emerge in view of customary meanings of and in astronomy. The Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) might be watched when white small stars surpass the mass of the Chandrasekhar limit and blast. The belief is that (SN Ia) are structured in the same way regardless of where they are in the universe, which implies that they have a typical total size M autonomous of the redshift z. Hence they might be dealt with as a perfect â€Å"standard candle†. We can measure the apparent magnitude and the redshift observationally, which obviously relies on the objects we observe. Let us think about two supernovae at low-redshift with and at high-redshift with. As we have effectively said, the radiance separation is roughly given by.By means of the apparent magnitude of at; we find that absolute magnitude is evaluated by from equation. Here we received the quality with At that point the luminosity distance of is gotten by substituting and for equation From Eq. () the theoretical guess for the luminosity distance in a two component flat universe is This estimation is obviously predictable with that needed for a dark energy dominated universe. In 2004 Riess et al. [85] reported the measurement of 16 high redshift with redshift with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). By including 170 previously known data points, they demonstrated that the universe exhibited a transition from deceleration to acceleration at confidence level. A best-fit quality of was discovered to be In Ref. [86] a probability investigation was performed by counting the data set by Tonry et al. [87] together with the one by Riess et al. [85]. The observational qualities of the luminosity density versus redshift together with the theoretical curves determined from Eq. (41). This shows that a matter dominated universe without a cosmological constant does not fit to the facts. A best-fit assessment of got in a joint study of Ref. [86] is, which is reliable with the result by Riess et al. [85]. See additionally Refs. [88] for late papers about the data analysis . A correlation is made of the constraints on models of dark energy from supernova and CMB insights. The authors argue that models favored by these perceptions lie in unique parts of the parameter space at the same time there is no cover of areas permitted at the 68% certainty level. They happen to propose that this may demonstrate unresolved systematic errors in one of the observations, with supernova observations being more likely to suffer from this problem due to the very heterogeneous nature of the information sets accessible at the time. Current observations of high redshift supernovae from the Super- Nova Legacy Survey have been issued. The overview has planned to diminish efficient failures by utilizing just high quality observations focused around utilizing a solitary instrument to observe the fields. The case is that through a rolling search strategy the sources are not lost and information is of dominant quality. Jassal et al. assert that the information set is in better con currence with WMAP. At the end of the day the high redshift supernova information from the SNLS (Supernova Legacy Survey) task is in superb concurrence with CMB observations. It leaves open the current state of supernova observation and their examination, as thought about to that of the CMB. It ought to be highlighted that the accelerated expansion is by cosmological standards truly a late-time phenomenon, beginning at a redshift .From equation the deceleration parameter is given by For the two component flat cosmology, the universe enters an accelerating phase for When, we have. The issue of why an accelerated extension ought to happen presently in the long history of the universe is known as the â€Å"coincidence problem†. We have focused in this area on the use of as standard candles. There are other conceivable candles that have been proposed and are actively being researched. One such approach has been to utilize FRIIB radio universes [93, 94]. From the comparing redshift angular size information it is conceivable to constrain cosmological parameters in a dark energy scalar field model. The derived constraints are discovered to be reliable with yet for the most part weaker than those decided utilizing Type supernova redshift-magnitude data. Nonetheless, in Ref. [95], the creators have gone further What’s more created a model-free approach (i.e. free of presumptions about the manifestation of the dim vitality) utilizing a set of 20 radio systems out to a redshift z ∠¼ 1.8, which is more remote than the SN Ia information can arrive at. They presume that the current perceptions show the universe travels from quickening to deceleration at a redshift more terrific than 0.3, with a best fit assessment of about 0.45, and have best fit qualities for the matter and dull vitality commitments to in wide concurrence with the SN Ia gauge An alternate proposed standard candle is that of Gamma Beam Blasts (GRB), which may empower the development rate of our Universe to be apportioned to high redshifts (z > 5). Hooper and Dodelson [96] have investigated this plausibility and found that GRB can possibly distinguish dull vitality at high measurable criticalness, however in the fleeting are unrealistic to be aggressive with future supernovae missions, for example, SNAP, in measuring the properties of the dull vitality. In the event that anyway, it turns out there is obvious dull vitality at promptly times, GRBs will give a fantastic test of that administration, and will be a genuine supplement for the SN Ia information. This is a quickly advancing field and there has as of late been declared provisional confirmation for a dynamical mathematical statement of state for dim vitality, taking into account GRB information out to redshifts of request 5 [97]. It is excessively early to say whether this is the right translation, or whether GRB are great standard candles, however the exact truth they could be seen out to such expansive redshifts, implies that in the event that they do end up being standard candles, they will be exceptionally huge supplements to the SN Ia information sets, and conceivably more critical. Cosmic Wave Background The case for an accelerating universe additionally accepted autonomous support from Cosmic microwave Background (CMB). The presence of Dark energy, in whatever structure, is required to accommodate the measured geometry of space with the aggregate sum of matter in the universe. Estimations of cosmic microwave background anisotropies, most as of late by the WMAP satellite, demonstrate that the universe is nearly flat. For the state of the universe to be flat, the mass-energy density of the universe must be equivalent to a certain critical density. The aggregate sum of matter in the universe (counting baryons and dark matter), as measured by the CMB, represents just about 30% of the critical density. This suggests the presence of an additional form of energy to represent the staying 70% [21]. Dark energy and Inflation The flatness and the horizon issues of the standard big bang cosmology are serious to the point that the hypothesis appears to oblige some essential adjustments of the theory made in this way. The most exquisite result is to assume that the universe has experienced a non-adiabatic period and additionally through a period of accelerated expansion, throughout which physical scales evolved much quicker than the horizon scale .This time of positive acceleration, of the primitive universe is called inflation. The inflationary theory is appealing in light of the fact that it holds out the likelihood of determining cosmological amounts, given the Lagrangian portraying the fundamental interactions. In the setting of the Standard Model, it is most certainly not conceivable to join expansion, however this ought not be viewed as a serious problem in light of the fact that the Standard Model itself obliges alterations at higher energy scales, for reasons that have nothing to do with cosmology. The negative dynamic gravitational mass thickness connected with a positive cosmological constant is an early sign of the inflation representation of the early universe; inflation in turn is one sign of the idea that might simplify into evolving dark energy.

University Food Service Menu Needs Revision Essay -- Argumentative Per

University Food Service Menu Needs Revision THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT The purpose of this report is to show the need to examine the current meal program services offered by University and to prove a need for a substantial revision of the menus and meals to accommodate the nutritional needs of all the students. The students, in particular, on which this report will focus is those students who are vegetarian (or those who do not eat any animal flesh), or vegan (those who do not eat any products that come from animals, such as milk, eggs, meat, and fat). THE CURRENT MEALS AND MENUES The current food service offers three meals per day, and these include some, but relatively few, vegetarian options for students with special dietary needs. In the average daily menu there is usually a choice that either doesn’t contain red meat or has a vegetable base in the ingredients. On the menus these meal choices are marked by a symbol of a carrot (see menus at http://www.iastate.edu/~residence_info/dining/dining.htm). Meals The morning meal consists of several hot dishes and toast, cereal, canned fruit, sometimes one fresh fruit option, and milk or juice. Students also have the option of having a waffle they make themselves. (Waffles are available for any of the meals). For the noon-time meal, students have the option of having a cold sandwich, or one of usually three hot meal items. There is always a salad bar and two choices of cereal. The evening meal is much like the noon-time meal. It also includes a salad bar and usually three hot main-courses and side dishes, but does not include the cold sandwich option. Menus Copies of food service menus have been included in the Appendix of this paper and give random examp... ...inning halls. I feel my nutritional needs are met by the food provided by the food service. I feel I am given an adequate number of meal choices when I eat in the dinning halls. I believe that there need to be no changes made to the dinning hall food service. I see room for improvement in the dinning hall food service. I am happy with the meal services provided by ISU. Please rate the your overall satisfaction with the dinning hall food service on a scale of one to ten (1-10), ten being very satisfied, and one being very dissatisfied, in the space below. Information and data gathered from: ISU department of residence dining services The ISU vegetarian club (Interviews of some members) Dorothy Franke (a member of the ISU vegetarian club) Survey created by Mariah Kimball, Oct. 29th 1999 (information gathered form 50 ISU students only)

Act One, Scenes Six and Seven in Educating Rita :: Educating Rita Plays Willy Russell Essays

Act One, Scenes Six and Seven in Educating Rita Re-read Act 1 scenes 6 and 7 of Educating Rita. How does Willy Russell suggest that these scenes are important stages in Rita's development? When we speak of the way that Rita is educated we speak of two different types of education. Frank is Rita's teacher for both these types of education as he is a person who Rita looks up to and 'idolises' to an extent. Not only is she educated in English Literature to gain a qualification, but also she is also educated to make the transition from the lower social class towards the middle one. Rita also sees Frank as someone to look up to, as he is where she wants to be in life. Scenes six and seven come roughly half way through the play. This is significant because we are looking at Rita halfway through her challenge of gaining an Open University degree and her challenge of becoming the person she truly wants to be. The play is centred on two main characters, Frank, a middle class, alcoholic University tutor and Rita, a working class, scouse hairdresser, who are very different. Rita decides to enrol on an Open University English Literature course in order to try to create a better life for herself. Her tutor for this course is Frank. However at first Frank tells Rita to find a new tutor, but Rita refuses and they continue to work together. Frank's fondness for Rita continues to grow over time and he warms to her and her witty, individualistic nature. However Rita's quest to further her knowledge is troubled by her husband Denny's disagreement with what she is doing. Yet this simply fuels Rita's ambition more and leaves her hungry for success. Rita is more passionate about gaining the qualification than ever when she goes to see a production of 'Macbeth,' so much so, in fact, that she even buys the book. Rita shows how much her relationship with Frank means to her when she goes to tell him first thing the next day: ' But listen, it wasn't borin' it was bleedin' great honest, ogh, it done me in.' Having watched the professional production, Rita displays excitement and enthusiasm and has an eagerness for more. Rita's attitude changes from her expectations of a boring play to sheer astonishment that she enjoys it so much. Rita watches with an open mind and she herself is surprised that she enjoyed the play and the general atmosphere so much. She expresses this to Frank by informing him that at one point she wanted to stand up and shout: 'I was on the edge of me seat at

Lil Red Riding Hoodlum:twisted Fairy Tale Essay examples -- essays res

Little Red Riding Hoodlum   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a teenager named little red riding hoodlum. If this girl sounds familiar, you guessed it right. She was formerly known as Little Red Riding Hood, until she turned to the life of crime. Right now she is paying for the trauma the wolf caused her. She is now in Utah State Youth Rehabilitation Center. I’ll tell you the part of the story they left out at the end that made it a fairy tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the woodcutter killed the wolf, the wolf’s brother was furious, so he killed the rest of Li’l Red’s family. Luckily, the woodcutter was near the house where Li’l Red and her family lived in, so he ran over with his shotgun, and, when the wolf was running away, he shot him in the back of the head. The woodcutter took Li’l Red to live with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of years after Li’l Red’s incident, she started to show signs of traumatization. These signs that she showed were of criminal behavior. She turned rebellious and turned into a criminal. She would shoplift, commit grand auto theft, and other illegal activities. She liked to crash the cars that she had stolen. Soon, her friends started doing the same thing. Her friends looked up to her and thought she was cool for doing criminal things and not getting caught. After she turned to the life of crime, she started thinking she was a bad little chola. After a while, she started getting bored with the usual car theft or shoplif...

Second Foundation 16. Beginning of War

For reason or reasons unknown to members of the Galaxy at the time of the era under discussion, Intergalactic Standard Time defines its fundamental unit, the second, as the time in which light travels 299,776 kilometers. 86,400 seconds are arbitrarily set equal to one Intergalactic Standard Day; and 365 of these days to one Intergalactic Standard Year. Why 299,776?- Or 86,400?- Or 365? Tradition, says the historian, begging the question. Because of certain and various mysterious numerical relationships, say the mystics, cultists, numerologists, metaphysicists. Because the original home-planet of humanity had certain natural periods of rotation and revolution from which those relationships could be derived, say a very few. No one really knew. Nevertheless, the date on which the Foundation cruiser, the Hober Mallow met the Kalganian squadron, headed by the Fearless, and, upon refusing to allow a search party to board, was blasted into smoldering wreckage was 185; 11692 G.E. That is, it was the 185th day of the 11,692nd year of the Galactic Era which dated from the accession of the first Emperor of the traditional Kamble dynasty. It was also 185; 419 A.S. – dating from the birth of Seldon – or 185; 348 Y.F. – dating from the establishment of the Foundation. On Kalgan it was 185; 56 F.C. – dating from the establishment of the First Citizenship by the Mule. In each case, of course, for convenience, the year was so arranged as to yield the same day number regardless of the actual day upon which the era began. And, in addition, to all the millions of worlds of the Galaxy, there were millions of local times, based on the motions of their own particular heavenly neighbors. But whichever you choose: 185; 11692-419-348-56 – or anything – it was this day which historians later pointed to when they spoke of the start of the Stettinian war. Yet to Dr. Darell, it was none of these at all. It was simply and quite precisely the thirty-second day since Arcadia had left Terminus. What it cost Darell to maintain stolidity through these days was not obvious to everyone. But Elvett Semic thought he could guess. He was an old man and fond of saying that his neuronic sheaths had calcified to the point where his thinking processes were stiff and unwieldy. He invited and almost welcomed the universal underestimation of his decaying powers by being the first to laugh at them. But his eyes were none the less seeing for being faded; his mind none the less experienced and wise, for being no longer agile. He merely twisted his pinched lips and said, â€Å"Why don't you do something about it?† The sound was a physical jar to Darell, under which he winced. He said, gruffly, â€Å"Where were we?† Semic regarded him with grave eyes. â€Å"You'd better do something about the girl.† His sparse, yellow teeth showed in a mouth that was open in inquiry. But Darell replied coldly, â€Å"The question is: Can you get a Symes-Molff Resonator in the range required?† Well, I said I could and you weren't listening-â€Å" â€Å"I'm sorry, Elvett. It's like this. What we're doing now can be more important to everyone in the Galaxy than the question of whether Arcadia is safe. At least, to everyone but Arcadia and myself, and I'm willing to go along with the majority. How big would the Resonator be?† Semic looked doubtful, â€Å"I don't know. You can find it somewheres in the catalogues.† â€Å"About how big. A ton? A pound? A block long?† â€Å"Oh, I thought you meant exactly. It's a little jigger.† He indicated the first joint of his thumb. â€Å"About that.† â€Å"All right, can you do something like this?† He sketched rapidly on the pad he held in his lap, then passed it over to the old physicist, who peered at it doubtfully, then chuckled. â€Å"Y'know, the brain gets calcified when you get as old as I am. What are you trying to do?† Darell hesitated. He longed desperately, at the moment, for the physical knowledge locked in the other's brain, so that he need not put his thought into words. But the longing was useless, and he explained. Semic was shaking his head. â€Å"You'd need hyper-relays. The only things that would work fast enough. A thundering lot of them.† â€Å"But it can be built?† â€Å"Well, sure.† â€Å"Can you get all the parts? I mean, without causing comment? In line with your general work.† Semic lifted his upper lip. â€Å"Can't get fifty hyper-relays? I wouldn't use that many in my whole life.† â€Å"We're on a defense project, now. Can't you think of something harmless that would use them? We've got the money.† â€Å"Hm-m-m. Maybe I can think of something.† â€Å"How small can you make the whole gadget?† â€Å"Hyper-relays can be had micro-size†¦ wiring†¦ tubes – Space, you've got a few hundred circuits there.† â€Å"I know. How big?† Semic indicated with his hands. â€Å"Too big,† said Darell. â€Å"I've got to swing it from my belt† Slowly, he was crumpling his sketch into a tight ball. When it was a hard, yellow grape, he dropped it into the ash tray and it was gone with the tiny white flare of molecular decomposition. He said, â€Å"Who's at your door?† Semic leaned over his desk to the little milky screen above the door signal. He said, â€Å"The young fellow, Anthor. Someone with him, too.† Darell scraped his chair back. â€Å"Nothing about this, Semic, to the others yet. It's deadly knowledge, if they find out, and two lives are enough to risk.† Pelleas Anthor was a pulsing vortex of activity in Semic's office, which, somehow, managed to partake of the age of its occupant. In the slow turgor of the quiet room, the loose, summery sleeves of Anthor's tunic seemed still a-quiver with the outer breezes. He said, â€Å"Dr. Darell, Dr. Semic – Orum Dirige.† The other man was tall. A long straight nose that lent his thin face a saturnine appearance. Dr. Darell held out a hand. Anthor smiled slightly. â€Å"Police Lieutenant Dirige,† he amplified. Then, significantly, â€Å"Of Kalgan.† And Darell turned to stare with force at the young man. â€Å"Police Lieutenant Dirige of Kalgan,† he repeated, distinctly. â€Å"And you bring him here. Why?† â€Å"Because he was the last man on Kalgan to see your daughter. Hold, man.† Anthor's look of triumph was suddenly one of concern, and he was between the two, struggling violently with Darell. Slowly, and not gently, he forced the older man back into the chair. â€Å"What are you trying to do?† Anthor brushed a lock of brown hair from his forehead, tossed a hip lightly upon the desk, and swung a leg, thoughtfully. â€Å"I thought I was bringing you good news.† Darell addressed the policeman directly, â€Å"What does he mean by calling you the last man to see my daughter? Is my daughter dead? Please tell me without preliminary.† His face was white with apprehension. Lieutenant Dirige said expressionlessly, † ‘Last man on Kalgan' was the phrase. She's not on Kalgan now. I have no knowledge past that.† â€Å"Here,† broke in Anthor, â€Å"let me put it straight. Sorry if I overplayed the drama a bit, Doc. You're so inhuman about this, I forget you have feelings. In the first place, Lieutenant Dirige is one of us. He was born on Kalgan, but his father was a Foundation man brought to that planet in the service of the Mule. I answer for the lieutenant's loyalty to the Foundation. â€Å"Now I was in touch with him the day after we stopped getting the daily report from Munn-â€Å" â€Å"Why?† broke in Darell, fiercely. â€Å"I thought it was quite decided that we were not to make a move in the matter. You were risking their lives and ours.† â€Å"Because,† was the equally fierce retort, â€Å"I've been involved in this game for longer than you. Because I know of certain contacts on Kalgan of which you know nothing. Because I act from deeper knowledge, do you understand?† â€Å"I think you're completely mad.† â€Å"Will you listen?† A pause, and Darell's eyes dropped. Anthor's lips quirked into a half smile, â€Å"All right, Doc. Give me a few minutes. Tell him, Dirige.† Dirige spoke easily: â€Å"As far as I know, Dr. Darell, your daughter is at Trantor. At least, she had a ticket to Trantor at the Eastern Spaceport. She was with a Trading Representative from that planet who claimed she was his niece. Your daughter seems to have a queer collection of relatives, doctor. That was the second uncle she had in a period of two weeks, eh? The Trantorian even tried to bribe me – probably thinks that's why they got away.† He smiled grimly at the thought. â€Å"How was she?† â€Å"Unharmed, as far as I could see. Frightened. I don't blame her for that. The whole department was after her. I still don't know why.† Darell drew a breath for what seemed the first time in several minutes. He was conscious of the trembling of his hands and controlled them with an effort. â€Å"Then she's all right. This Trading Representative, who was he? Go back to him. What part does he play in it?† â€Å"I don't know. Do you know anything about Trantor?† â€Å"I lived there once.† â€Å"It's an agricultural world, now. Exports animal fodder and grains, mostly. High quality! They sell them all over the Galaxy. There are a dozen or two farm co-operatives on the planet and each has its representatives overseas. Shrewd sons of guns, too- I knew this one's record. He'd been on Kalgan before, usually with his wife. Perfectly honest. Perfectly harmless.† â€Å"Um-m-m,† said Anthor. â€Å"Arcadia was born in Trantor, wasn't she, Doc?† Darell nodded. â€Å"It hangs together, you see. She wanted to go away – quickly and far – and Trantor would suggest itself. Don't you think so?† Darell said: â€Å"Why not back here?† â€Å"Perhaps she was being pursued and felt that she had to double off in a new angle, eh?' Dr. Darell lacked the heart to question further. Well, then, let her be safe on Trantor, or as safe as one could be anywhere in this dark and horrible Galaxy. He groped toward the door, felt Anthor's light touch on his sleeve, and stopped, but did not turn. â€Å"Mind if I go home with you, Doc?† â€Å"You're welcome,† was the automatic response. By evening, the exteriormost reaches of Dr. Darell's personality, the ones that made immediate contact with other people had solidified once more. He had refused to eat his evening meal and had, instead, with feverish insistence, returned to the inchwise advance into the intricate mathematics of encephalographic analysis. It was not till nearly midnight, that he entered the living room again. Pelleas Anthor was still there, twiddling at the controls of the video. The footsteps behind him caused him to glance over his shoulder. â€Å"Hi. Aren't you in bed yet? I've been spending hours on the video, trying to get something other than bulletins. It seems the F.S. Hober Mallow is delayed in course and hasn't been heard from† â€Å"Really? What do they suspect?† â€Å"What do you think? Kalganian skulduggery. There are reports that Kalganian vessels were sighted in the general space sector in which the Hober Mallow was last heard from?† Darell shrugged, and Anthor rubbed his forehead doubtfully. â€Å"Look doc,† he said, â€Å"why don't you go to Trantor?† â€Å"Why should I?† â€Å"Because â€Å"You're no good to us here. You're not yourself. You can't be. And you could accomplish a purpose by going to Trantor, too. The old Imperial Library with the complete records of the Proceedings of the Seldon Commission are there-â€Å" â€Å"No! The Library has been picked clean and it hasn't helped anyone.† â€Å"It helped Ebling Mis once.† â€Å"How do you know? Yes, he said he found the Second Foundation, and my mother killed him five seconds later as the only way to keep him from unwittingly revealing its location to the Mule. But in doing so, she also, you realize, made it impossible ever to tell whether Mis really did know the location. After all, no one else has ever been able to deduce the truth from those records.† â€Å"Ebling Mis, if you'll remember, was working under the driving impetus of the Mule's mind.† â€Å"I know that, too, but Mis' mind was, by that very token, in an abnormal state. Do you and I know anything about the properties of a mind under the emotional control of another; about its abilities and shortcomings? In any case, I will not go to Trantor.† Anthor frowned, â€Å"Well, why the vehemence? I merely suggested it as – well, by Space, I don't understand you. You look ten years older. You're obviously having a hellish time of it. You're not doing anything of value here. If I were you, I'd go and get the girl.† â€Å"Exactly! It's what I want to do, too. That's why I won't do it. Look, Anthor, and try to understand. You're playing – we're both playing – with something completely beyond our powers to fight. In cold blood, if you have any, you know that, whatever you may think in your moments of quixoticism. â€Å"For fifty years, we've known that the Second Foundation is the real descendent and pupil of Seldonian mathematics. What that means, and you know that, too, is that nothing in the Galaxy happens which does not play a part in their reckoning. To us, all life is a series of accidents, to be met with by improvisations To them, all life is purposive and should be met by precalculation. â€Å"But they have their weakness. Their work is statistical and only the mass action of humanity is truly inevitable. Now how I play a part, as an individual, in the foreseen course of history, I don't know. Perhaps I have no definite part, since the Plan leaves individuals to indeterminacy and free will. But I am important and they – they, you understand – may at least have calculated my probable reaction. So I distrust, my impulses, my desires, my probable reactions. â€Å"I would rather present them with an improbable reaction. I will stay here, despite the fact that I yearn very desperately to leave.*** â€Å"No! Because I yearn very desperately to leave.† The younger man smiled sourly. â€Å"You don't know your own mind as well as they might. Suppose that – knowing you – they might count on what you think, merely think, is the improbable reaction, simply by knowing in advance what your line of reasoning would be.† â€Å"In that case, there is no escape. For if I follow the reasoning you have just outlined and go to Trantor, they may have foreseen that, too. There is an endless cycle of double-double-double-double-crosses. No matter how far I follow that cycle, I can only either go or stay. The intricate act of luring my daughter halfway across the Galaxy cannot be meant to make me stay where I am, since I would most certainly have stayed if they had done nothing. It can only be to make me move, and so I will stay. â€Å"And besides, Anthor, not everything bears the breath of the Second Foundation; not all events are the results of their puppeting. They may have had nothing to do with Arcadia's leave-taking, and she may be safe on Trantor when all the rest of us are dead.† â€Å"No,† said Anthor, sharply, â€Å"now you are off the track.† â€Å"You have an alternative interpretation?† â€Å"I have – if you'll listen.† â€Å"Oh, go ahead. I don't lack patience.† â€Å"Well, then – how well do you know your own daughter?† â€Å"How well can any individual know any other? Obviously, my knowledge is inadequate.† â€Å"So is mine on that basis, perhaps even more so – but at least, I viewed her with fresh eyes. Item one: She is a ferocious little romantic, the only child of an ivory-tower academician, growing up in an unreal world of video and book-film adventure. She lives in a weird self-constructed fantasy of espionage and intrigue. Item two: She's intelligent about it; intelligent enough to outwit us, at any rate. She planned carefully to overhear our first conference and succeeded. She planned carefully to go to Kalgan with Munn and succeeded. Item three: She has an unholy hero-worship of her grandmother – your mother – who defeated the Mule. â€Å"I'm right so far, I think? All right, then. Now, unlike you, I've received a complete report from Lieutenant Dirige and, in addition, my sources of information on Kalgan are rather complete, and all sources check. We know, for instance, that Homir Munn, in conference with the Lord of Kalgan was refused admission to the Mule's Palace, and that this refusal was suddenly abrogated after Arcadia had spoken to Lady Callia, the First Citizen's very good friend.† Darell interrupted. â€Å"And how do you know all this?† â€Å"For one thing, Munn was interviewed by Dirige as part of the police campaign to locate Arcadia. Naturally, we have a complete transcript of the questions and answers. â€Å"And take Lady Callia herself. It is rumored that she has lost Stettin's interest, but the rumor isn't borne out by facts. She not only remains unreplaced; is not only able to mediate the lord's refusal to Munn into an acceptance; but can even engineer Arcadia's escape openly. Why, a dozen of the soldiers about Stettin's executive mansion testified that they were seen together on the last evening. Yet she remains unpunished. This despite the fact that Arcadia was searched for with every appearance of diligence.† â€Å"But what is your conclusion from all this torrent of ill-connection?† â€Å"That Arcadia's escape was arranged.† â€Å"As I said.† â€Å"With this addition. That Arcadia must have known it was arranged; that Arcadia, the bright little girl who saw cabals everywhere, saw this one and followed your own type of reasoning. They wanted her to return to the Foundation, and so she went to Trantor, instead. But why Trantor?† â€Å"Well, why?† â€Å"Because that is where Bayta, her idolized grandmother, escaped when she was in flight. Consciously or unconsciously, Arcadia imitated that. I wonder, then, if Arcadia was fleeing the same enemy.† â€Å"The Mule?† asked Darell with polite sarcasm. â€Å"Of course not. I mean, by the enemy, a mentality that she could not fight. She was running from the Second Foundation, or such influence thereof as could be found on Kalgan.† â€Å"What influence is this you speak of?† â€Å"Do you expect Kalgan to be immune from that ubiquitous menace? We both have come to the conclusion, somehow, that Arcadia's escape was arranged. Right? She was searched for and found, but deliberately allowed to slip away by Dirige. By Dirige, do you understand? But how was that? Because he was our man. But how did they know that? Were they counting on him to be a traitor? Eh, doc?† â€Å"Now you're saying that they honestly meant to recapture her. Frankly, you're tiring me a bit, Anthor. Finish your say; I want to go to bed.† â€Å"My say is quickly finished.† Anthor reached for a small group of photo-records in his inner pocket. It was the familiar wigglings of the encephalograph. â€Å"Dirige's brainwaves,† Anthor said, casually, â€Å"taken since he returned.† It was quite visible to Darell's naked eye, and his face was gray when he looked up. â€Å"He is Controlled.† â€Å"Exactly. He allowed Arcadia to escape not because he was our man but because he was the Second Foundation's.† â€Å"Even after he knew she was going to Trantor, and not to Terminus.† Anthor shrugged. â€Å"He had been geared to let her go. There was no way he could modify that. He was only a tool, you see. It was just that Arcadia followed the least probable course, and is probably safe. Or at least safe until such time as the Second Foundation can modify the plans to take into account this changed state of affairs-â€Å" He paused. The little signal light on the video set was flashing. On an independent circuit, it signified the presence of emergency news. Darell saw it, too, and with the mechanical movement of long habit turned on the video. They broke in upon the middle of a sentence but before its completion, they knew that the Hober Mallow, or the wreck thereof, had been found and that, for the first time in nearly half a century, the Foundation was again at war. Anthor's jaw was set in a hard line. â€Å"All right, doc, you heard that. Kalgan has attacked; and Kalgan is under the control of the Second Foundation. Will you follow your daughter's lead and move to Trantor?† â€Å"No. I will risk it. Here.† â€Å"Dr. Darell. You are not as intelligent as your daughter. I wonder how far you can be trusted.† His long level stare held Darell for a moment, and then without a word, he left. And Darell was left in uncertainty and – almost – despair. Unheeded, the video was a medley of excited sight-sound, as it described in nervous detail the first hour of the war between Kalgan and the Foundation.

Key Roles and Responsibilities Essay

Management: Management have a cardinal function and a big duty of guaranting wellness and safety is followed in their saloon. Directors need to guarantee that all of the right steps are in topographic point so as to maintain all statute laws in order. If directors did non hold any duty in the workplace so all employees would hence non follow any statute laws and many staff and clients could potentially be injured. Directors have to guarantee that all employees on a regular basis read SOP’s and complete all on-line classs sing new statute law every bit good as refresher classs sing wellness and safety at work. Human Resources Manager: Human resources have the chief function within Wetherspoons sing the duty of wellness and safety of the full workplace. Without Human resources the company would non hold any of the SOP’s ( Safety Operating Procedures ) or COSHH ( control of substances risky to wellness ) manuals. If human resources did non make this Wetherspoons would be runing against many Torahs and hence be shut down. Bar Associates: Bar associates have a minor duty in wellness and safety at work but a big function for keeping wellness and safety in the workplace. If staff members did non transport out frequent saloon. floor and lavatory cheques so both employees and clients will be at hazard of a possible hazard. This could be stealing on a spilt drink or the lavatories being unhygienic. Staff need to constantly do the saloon. floor and lavatory as clean and safe as possible. This includes pass overing spillages on the saloon. roll uping spectacless and home bases and sweeping and moping. Kitchen Staff: Kitchen staff have a really high duty and function within the company sing wellness and safety. as they are managing nutrient. Kitchen staff have to guarantee that their custodies are invariably being washed. the kitchen is clean and nutrient is in day of the month. If kitchen staff did non hold a duty within wellness and safety so clients could potentially be nutrient poisoned. every bit good.

Case Study on Pneumonia

Case Study: Pneumonia and Pressure Ulcer Prevention in an Elderly MICU Patient June 6, 2012 Case Study: Pneumonia and Sepsis in an Elderly MICU Patient L. M. is a 75-year-old female who suffers from severe dementia and lives in a SNF. She was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2005 and as a result had a right upper and middle lobectomy. She also has a history of severe emphysema. L. M. has had several pneumonic infections and has an allergy to Pneumovax. She has a recurrent aspiration risk and received a tracheostomy and a PEG tube in January 2012. On Aril 25, 2012, L.M. was found to be increasingly fatigued, somnolent, and had shortness of breath accompanied with tachycardia as witnessed by the staff at the SNF. When she arrived at the emergency department, she was tachycardic with a heart rate in the 130-140’s and tachypnic with a respiration rate in the 30-40’s. L. M. , who normally depends on 2 liters of oxygen at home, desaturated to 88% requiring oxygen support increas ed to 4 liters. Her baseline systolic blood pressure is 100-110 and it was measured in the low 90’s in the ED. She also had an increased temperature of 38. degrees Celsius. As a result of L. M. ’s increase in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate accompanied with pneumonia, the emergency department treated her for sepsis. Labs drawn showed an increase in white blood cells and lactic acid, as well as an increase in PC02 and a decrease in PO2. She was aggressively resuscitated with IV boluses as necessary followed by maintenance normal saline. She was also administered Vancomycin, Cefepime, Azithromycin, and Metronidazole. In addition, her chest x-ray illustrated a near complete opacification of the right lung field.She was diagnosed with sepsis secondary to pneumonia complicated by a right lower lung collapse due to mucus plugging. I assumed care of L. M. in the MICU ten days after her admission in the ED. She had been intubated and put on a mechanical ventilato r. She was put on pressure support mode at a rate of 10, PEEP of 5, Fi02 of 40%, and her tidal volumes averaged around 230. She had three bronchoscopies, however, there was still evidence of mucous plugs and L. M. was unable to clear lung secretions. Respiratory therapy attempted to decrease the pressure support on the ventilator but L.M. showed increased signs of respiratory distress. At the point that I took over care for the patient, my goals were: prevent aspiration and further spread of infection and improve ventilation and perfusion. Interventions for my patient to prevent aspirations and decrease risk of further infection included suction contaminated secretions, raise the head of the bed, and use of Chlorexidine wash. Protocol for suctioning an intubated patient in the MICU is every 4 hours or more frequently if necessary depending on the patient. L. M. ad a history of recurrent aspirations and was at risk for increased infection because she was on a ventilator. â€Å"Closu re of the glottis prevents aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions. When a patient is intubated with an endotracheal tube, the glottis remains open, leaving only the inflated cuff for protection against aspiration (Bennett, Bertrand, Penoyer, Sole & Talbert, 2011). † Therefore, routine suctioning helps to eliminate the pooling of secretions above the cuff of the endotracheal tube, where aspiration is most likely to occur.In addition, raising the head of the bed to 30-45 degrees decreases aspiration and the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. â€Å"The single most cost-free intervention found to reduce the incidence of VAP is elevation of the HOB (Stonecypher, 2010). † Although my patient was already diagnosed with pneumonia, it was important to prevent the spread of the infection to the healthy portion of her lungs or have a recurrence of sepsis. Chlorehexidine is an antiseptic that has been proven to inhibit dental plaque formation and gingivitis.I swabbed my patie nt’s mouth with Chlorhexidine once a shift as a protocol in her plan of care. The use of an antiseptic solution helps to decrease the amount of bacteria in the oral mucosa and thus prevents the colonization of bacteria in the respiratory tract (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012). Another important intervention was to maintain the head of the bed at 30-45 degrees and position L. M. ’s left lung into a dependent position to improve ventilation and perfusion. L. M. ’s O2 was decreased to 63 and her CO2 was increased to 50.According to the IHI, it is recommended to elevate the bed to 30- 45 degrees to improve ventilation. Patients that lay in the supine position have lower spontaneous tidal volumes on pressure support ventilation compared to those laying at more of an angle (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012). In regards to positioning, when the least damaged portion of the lung is placed in a dependent position it receives preferential blood flow. This redistribution of blood flow helps match ventilation and perfusion, therefore, improving gas exchange (Lough, Stacy & Urden, 2010).Implementing these interventions combined with respiratory therapy, significantly improved the blood gas values for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. â€Å"Pressure ulcers are key clinical indicators of the standard and effectiveness of care (Elliott, Fox & McKinley, 2008). † L. M. was at high risk for pressure ulcers for multiple factors such as immobility, poor nutrition, age, and health. Therefore, I used the Braden Scale as a quality indicator in order to assess the risk of pressure ulcers and also to initiate prevention.The Braden Scale assesses pressure sore risks by examining certain criteria: sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and fiction and shear. Each category is rated on a scale of 1-4, with the exception of the friction and shear category that is rated on a scale of 1-3. There is a possible score of 23. If a patient has a higher score, they are less susceptible to development of a pressure ulcer and vice versa. In the category of sensory perception, I rated L. M. at a 2 because she only responded to painful stimuli but could not communicate discomfort with the exception of restlessness.I scored her at a 2 in the moisture criteria because she was often diaphoretic because of increased heart rate, increased respirations, and her linens had to be changed once a shift. In terms of activity, she was a 1 because she was confined to a bed both at the hospital and at the SNF she lived in. L. M. was very limited in her mobility and would only make occasional slight changes in her body position; therefore, I assessed her to be a 2. I rated her nutrition at a 2 because she weighed 84 pounds and was on tube feeding that seemed inadequate o meet her nutritional needs. In the last category, friction and shear, I gave her a 1 since she required maximum assistance in moving. She would frequently slide down in her hospital bed and required frequent repositioning. L. M. ’s cumulative score was a 10, which is considered a high risk for developing a pressure ulcer. â€Å"Prevention of pressure ulcers is a fundamental aspect of intensive care nursing, and quality improvement methods are arguably the most cost-effective and intuitive approach to addressing this potentially serious problem (Elliott, Fox & McKinley, 2008). One of the interventions I implemented in order to prevent pressure ulcers in my patient was the use of support surfaces. The use of a pressure-redistributing mattress and pillow supports under bony prominences, assist in relieving pressure that the patient’s body weight has on the skin when lying in bed for a pro-longed amount of time. If the pressure is not alleviated it can lead to impaired circulation, damage to the skin, and eventually tissue death (Gill, Reddy & Ronchon, 2006).In order to further promote patient care, it is necessary to educa te the patient, family, and/or caregivers. There are several different factors that could help to ensure a better quality of life for L. M. Consistent trach care and good oral hygiene can reduce the risk of bacteria entering the airways and causing recurrent respiratory infections. It is important for L. M. to maintain an elevation of the head of the bed to prevent aspiration and improve ventilation. Furthermore, frequent repositioning and the use of supportive devices is imperative to maintain skin integrity.It will also be crucial to monitor L. M. ’s vital signs to be able to recognize a recurrence of pneumonia or sepsis. References Bennett, M. , Bertrand, M. , Penoyer, D. A. , Sole, M. L. , & Talbert, S. (2011). Oropharyngeal secretion volume in intubated patients: The importance of oral suctioning. American Hournal of Critical Care, 20(6), 141-145. Elliott, R. , Fox, V. , & McKinley, S. (2008). Quality improvement program to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers in an intesive care unit. American Journal of Critical Care, 17(4), 328-334.Retrieved from http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/content/17/4/328. full Gill, S. S. , Reddy, M. , & Ronchon, P. A. (2006). Preventing pressure ulcers: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(8), Retrieved from http://jama. jamanetwork. com/article. aspx? volume=296&issue=8&page=974 Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2012). Ihi ventilator bundle: Daily oral care with chlorhexidine. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Retrieved from http://www. ihi. org/knowledge/Pages/Changes/DailyOralCarewithChlorhexidine. spx Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2012). Ihi ventilator bundle: Elevation of the head of the bed. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Retrieved from http://www. ihi. org/knowledge/Pages/Changes/ElevationoftheHeadoftheBed. aspx Lough, M. E. , Stacy, K. M. , & Urden, L. D. (2010). Critical care nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Stonecypher, K. (2010). Ventilato r-associated pneumonia: The importance of oral care in intubated adults. Crtitical Care Nursing Quarterly, 33(4), 339-347.

Both poets Essay

Both poets are writing about an experience of the same thing, a birth. Hughes’ however, is a bad birth and Clarke’s is a good birth. Although they are relating the same subject, the two poems are very different, not only in the style of writing but in the story and atmosphere. The themes in both are the partnership of life and death. They both start by setting the atmosphere with the weather. Hughes depicts a bad atmosphere by describing the worst of winter days: â€Å"Ice wind Out of a downpour dishclout sunrise†. In contrast Clarke expresses the loveliest day of the year: â€Å"The stillest, hottest day of the summer† Also Hughes describes the inhospitable environment of the: â€Å"Mudded slope† So right from the start it can be seen that Hughes is going to be relating a bad birth, and Clarke’s is going to be good. Another similarity is a technique they use here which is alliteration, a technique that Hughes is very fond of. Here Hughes uses the hard, harsh sounding Ds to get across the atmosphere and Clarke uses soft calm sounding Ss. Both poems are also set in the poet’s native area. Hughes is very straight forward right from the start in what it is about: â€Å"A lamb could not get born. † Clarke also gets the picture across straight away: â€Å"A lamb was born in a field† So as you can see the structure and use of techniques is very similar but the meaning is opposite. In the labour, Clarke, emphasizes the ease and calmness of the birth. One of the ways she does this is by making little of the physical aspect, simply describing: â€Å"Her sides heaving, a focus Of restlessness in the complete calm Her calling at the odds with the silence. † Her pain briefly disturbs the silence of this still day. It is also a fast, easy delivery: â€Å"Hot slippery the scalding Baby came and the cow stood up. † Clarke, as you can see, concentrates on the ease and speed of the birth but also brings a big picture of the surroundings not just the labour and birth. Hughes, on the other hand, focuses very much just on the birth and does not bring in the wider picture of his surroundings. He also gets across the difficulty of the prolonged birth for himself and the ewe, being much more involved in the birth than Clarke. He uses short strong words to give impact and intensity: he is ‘wrestling’ while the sheep ‘groans’; he hauled’ while she ‘cried out. ‘ The effort is reflected in the repetition of the word ‘pushed’ but once it is past the head and shoulders it comes, like Clarke’s, fast and easily: â€Å"The long sudden, yolk yellow Parcel of life† Clarke describes the birth as a nice comfortable experience, through imagery; she gets across the gentleness and beautifulness of the birth: â€Å"The light flowed out, leaving stars and clarity† â€Å"The cow stood up, her cool flanks like white flowers in the dark. † In contrast Hughes gives a detailed, and rather gruesome description of the deformed head of the lamb: â€Å"A blood ball swollen Tight in its black felt, its mouth gap Squashed crooked, tongue stuck out, black purple. † This is great imagery describing the limp, bloated head with the purple deoxygenated blood and short black wool on its head. Although both of these poems are written in 1st person they are different, Hughes is very much physically involved in the experience and plays a big part in it. He is always referring to what it was he had to do: â€Å"I caught with a rope†; â€Å"I felt inside†; â€Å"I saw it was useless†; â€Å"I pushed† It is forced onto the reader every single little point, and this is clearly intentional. On the other hand Clarke’s perspective is very different, she is much more just an observer and simply invites the reader to join her, although she does make references to her own personal experiences as a mother: â€Å"I could feel the soft sucking Of the new born, the tugging pleasure Of bruised recording† Clarke also brings in a much wider picture than Hughes rather than picking at every one little detail. So though both are in 1st person they are put across very different. Both poets use literary techniques to boost their imagery, but like everything else they use them in very different ways, same techniques, variation in use. Obviously Clarke uses these techniques in such a way that they are soft and tender sounding for example when she uses alliteration it is soft ‘S’s and ‘M’s that are used: â€Å"Measured the volume of the sky; the hills brimmed with incoming darkness†; â€Å"soft sucking. † In contrast to this, Hughes’ use of these techniques is much More graphical and harsh, in this example the use of the ‘B’ almost seems to give the sound of the head bobbing up and down, like Hughes says he likes to use words that you can touch, feel, hear as well as see: â€Å"Blackish lump bobbed at her backend† So here you can hear, see and almost feel the nodding head and again here you can hear and feel the lamb slipping out: â€Å"Smoking slither of oils, soups, syrups† Although he does use these harsh sounding images there is one place where he uses soft sounding alliteration it is when he is telling about how the birth should have been just to contrast against the awfulness of this birth and make just that bit worse: â€Å"Tip-toe, his toes Tucked up under his nose†. When is comes to the structure of the poem, even it reflects the mood of poem. Hughes splits up some of his sentences over lines, this makes it a bit jerky to maybe reflect the uneasiness of the birth and it is also used to give emphasis to the last word of the line, also ‘February 17th’ is in one big chunk of text and is not split into stanzas, this is make it tense and slightly uneasy for the reader. On the other hand Clarke has two short stanzas the maybe reflect the ease and straightforwardness of the delivery, she also uses the technique of splitting sentences over two lines but her poem in general has a much more formal structure. So in some ways the poems are identical because they have the same subject and themes, life and death, also they use all the same techniques so without reading it and just being told this you would begin to think they were the same. But Hughes is a lot more straightforward and down to earth in the way he tells the story, also he concentrates on just the birth and goes into a lot of detail.

Empathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Empathy - Essay Example They are crucial in developing ideas and solutions, in problem solving, effective communication and avoiding or preventing conflicts. (p.119) The idealization of empathy was first explored from the artistic field, where empathy is described as the emotion that one feels when seeing a painting or portrait that is passionately moving or touching. Empathy is beyond knowing the facts. It deals with knowing the sentiments that go along with the facts. I recall a time when a friend of mine was having relationship problems, and she tried to confide her feelings to me. I found it difficult to understand and reach out to her emotions because I approached the matter in a rational and pragmatic way. I was more focused on finding effective results to put her out of the situation that I neglected the fact that her feelings were also another concern that needed to be dealt with. As a result, my friend became frustrated and hurt since she felt that I was not very concerned with how she felt, and that I was taking the issue rather coldly and aloofly. Perhaps, if I was more mindful and concerned with her emotional disposition, and reached out to her feelings instead of treating it rationally, we might have developed a better understanding of each other and her

Should gay marriage be legalized Research Paper

Should gay marriage be legalized - Research Paper Example Should gay marriage be legalized? The United States constitution guarantees all citizens equal rights regardless of gender, sex, religion, race or sexual orientation and therefore, denying people of same-sex the right to get married is a violation of the constitution. As stipulated in the constitution, everyone has a right to liberty, freedom and equality provided in the exercise of such rights one does not cause damage or harm to other people. The gay people in engaging in marriage are only exercising the right and their behavior does not cause harm to anybody. Despite the fundamental principles not only allowing but also requiring legalization of same-sex marriage, some people still insist that same-sex couples should not be accorded equal right to marry. They forget that gays are human beings just like other people such as the heterosexuals and as such should be treated equally. The democrats and republicans often advocate equal rights for gay and lesbians such as the right to proper housing, government benefits, employment and legal protections. However, when it comes to marriage they strongly oppose such an idea. The democrats even go ahead to support the inclusion of gay and lesbian families in the life of our nation and seek equal responsibility. Opposing the right to marry is thus a contradiction to the party’s commitment to legal equality and non discrimination. It makes no sense to support good cause for the gay and their families but refuse to acknowledge their right to marry and to live happily.

To what extent could it be argued that scientific management is good Essay

To what extent could it be argued that scientific management is good management - Essay Example Scientific management perspective has its origins from the work of Fredrick Winslow Taylor in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The management approach evolved during the industrial revolution when factories recognised the need for automation and mechanisation of some work processes. Some themes of industrial revolution and engineering included the need for rationality, efficiency, work ethic and standardisation of the best practices in order to eliminate waste (Taylor, 2010). Fredrick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management since he sought to introduce the ‘one best practice’ rather than allowing employee discretion in the tasks. Through ‘time and motion studies’, Taylor managed to fix job performance standards through introducing standardised ‘time, quality of work and costs’ associated with each job in the organisation (Taylor, 2010). Frank and Lillian Gilbreth advanced the fatique and motion studies that proved that proper job design and coordination of movements in the workplace reduced to efficiency through minimising time wastage and idle time. Henry Gantt introduced Gantt charts that demonstrated the priority of tasks and stages of production thus enabling employees to prioritise work and adhere with the work schedules. Thesis statement: scientific management is a good management in contemporary business environment since it increases organisational productivity and ensures efficiency in the production methods. Taylor based his scientific management on four principles that entail scientific study of work in order to determine the best efficient method of performing a specific task. Tsutsui (2001) claims that scientific study of work principle aims at replacing the ‘rule of thumb’ or common sense manner of doing jobs with a scientific manner than breaks down the job in to tasks and determines the most efficient method of doing the job in order to maximise efficiency. In this case, scienti fic management aims at enhancing workflow efficiency through redesigning the layout of the work environment in order to reduce time wastage and distractions. The second guiding principle of scientific management is the scientific selecting of workers for each job and training them to efficiently perform the tasks (Guillen, 1994). This principle is aimed at matching employees to their jobs depending of the required skills, capabilities and motivation of each individual worker in order to enhance productivity. The third principle entails monitoring worker performance, provision of job instructions and supervision in order to ensure workers are using the most efficient methods in their jobs (Taylor, 2010). In this case, Taylor advanced the notion that employee motivation is equivalent to incentive theory since employees are motivated by financial rewards. Taylor advocated that improvements in job productivity should be accompanied by equivalent increase in the piece-rate pay in order t o encourage the workers to commit more efforts and maximise their productivity. Lastly, the fourth principle of scientific management aims at dividing the wok between the managers and workers so that managers could concentrate on the application of scientific methods in designing tasks and supervision while workers can concentrate on the execution of their job according to the already established scientific methods

The horse as a compainion of human being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The horse as a compainion of human being - Essay Example To date, animal domestication has become a common phenomenon across the world. People in various communities around the world domesticate a wide range of animals for various purposes. The level of intimacy between animals and humans varies across societies and animal species. This paper analyzes the human and animal interrelationships from domestication era to present. There is no clear definition of what constitutes the bond between animal and humans. However, it is evident that the relationship between animals and humans is based on various factors. This relationship could be for predatory purpose of economic dependence, companionship, sporting purposes and domestication, among others. However, many scholars perceive human animal relationship as the companionship between animals and humans. Across history, human beings have had a wide range of relationships with animals. Evidently, humans use animals for various purposes. This significantly determines their relationships with such animals. According to Price (23) the relationship between human and animals varies depending on the significance of the animals to human life. In this regard, humans express no interest in animals that are perceived to be irrelevant to their lives. Based on this assumption, hunting societies tend to express a great interest in their animals. In such societies, people develop significant cultural practices that are aimed at ensuring their success while hunting. On the other hand, people in pastoralist societies develop a close relationship with animals that they depend on for their cultural and physical survival. In such communities, humans develop intimate relationship with their animas, usually cattle. This also the case with nomadic and those people who domesticate animals for subsistence and other commercial purposes. In addition, people who use their animal for work or sporting activities tend to develop close relationships with these animals. Research has also ascertained that the extent to which an animal impact on the survival of humans significantly influences the relationships between humans and these animals (Price 61). It is generally accepted that the more dependent people are on certain animals for survival, the more close their relationship with these animals are. For instance, modern commercial farmers may find animals important for their economic survival. For this reason, they tend to develop a strong bond and close relationship with these animals. Even so, the number of these animas may prohibit the bond and close relationship between humans and the animals. At this point, it is important and necessary to analyze the relationship between animals and humans within the above mentioned societies. In hunter-gathering societies, people tend to depend on a wide range of animas and plants for their daily survival. They depend on animals such as fish, birds, insects, reptiles and other mammals. For the humans to successfully and effectively utilize t hese animals in such societies, they have to possess a fully understanding of the behavior of such animals. Usually, this knowledge is transferred across generations (Dolins,112) For instance, in such societies, they need to understand that when it comes to harvesting honey, they have to know when the honey will be available, how to access the bee nests and how to harvest the honey while