International and Transnational Crimes

International/transnational Crimes Saphia Christopher Strayer University CRJ 330 Professor Ackerman International crimes can be described as crimes against the peace and security of mankind. International crimes are based on international agreements between countries or on legal precedents highly-developed through history, and include offenses such as such as genocide, torture, and enslavement of populations. These are among the acts identified by consensus among nations as being illegal constantlyywhere. Dammer & Albanese, 2011). The Foca rape flake verdict in February 2001 was the first time that individuals were convicted for rape as a crime against humanity. The Foca rape case was prosecuted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the agent Yugoslavia (the ICTY) in an effort to b large number to justice those responsible for crimes against humanity in the war in Bosnia. Prior to the Foca rape case no one had ever been convicted of rape as a crime against humanity.Rape cause s serious bodily or mental harm and international criminal tribunals have indicated that rape can score genocide when it is directed toward destroying a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. Under international law the crime of rape is a personal invasion of a sexual nature, which is not limited to a physical invasion of the body and may involve acts where there is no penetration or even physical contact (Parker, 2010). The prosecution in the Foca rape case argued the use of rape in attacks on civilians was widespread and systematic.To support this allegation the prosecution worked to show that the tactical manoeuvre was repeated and continuous (systematic) and that what had happened in Foca was a representative sample of Serbian methods of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia (widespread). The court ruled that these acts of rape were recognized as crimes against humanity because they were part of a systematic and widespread campaign and the acts included elements of enslavement (Pa rker, 2010). Transnational crimes are offenses whose inception, acts, and impact involve more than one country.These crimes commonly involve the provision of illicit goods or illicit services, or the infiltration of business or government (Dammer & Albanese, 2011). Transnational organized crime is not stagnant, moreover is an ever-changing industry, adapting to markets and creating new ricochets of crime. In short, it is an illicit business that transcends cultural, social, linguistic and geographical boundaries and one that knows no borders or rules. Drug trafficking continues to be the most lucrative form of business for criminals, with an estimated annual value of $320 billion.In 2009, UNODC placed the approximate annual worth of the global cocaine and opiate markets alone at $85 billion and $68 billion, separately (UNODC, 2012). Jacob Saul Stuart, 39, pleaded guilty in November 2011 to conspiracy to distribute controlled substances and conspiracy to commit money laundering. DEA and HSI special agents, using court authorized wiretaps, determined Stuarts smuggling ring was transporting and distributing up to 2,000 pounds of marijuana and as much as 440 pounds of cocaine every month. The operation involved smuggling marijuana into the U. S. rom Canada, where it was distributed crosswise the country to California, Illinois, Missouri, atomic number 31 and New Jersey, among other locations. Proceeds from the marijuana sales were then used to purchase cocaine in Southern California. The cocaine was delivered to members of the outlaw motorcycle conclave Hells Angels in British Columbia for distribution in Canada. Over the course of the investigation, officials seized more than $2 million and 300 pounds of cocaine and more than 2,200 pounds of marijuana from locations across the country. Jacob Stuart was subsequently sentenced to fifteen years in prison (DHS, 2012). ReferencesDammer, H. and Albanese, J. (2011). Comparative criminal justice systems. Mason, OH C engage Learning Parker, J. (2010). Rape as an International Crime. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from http//www. opednews. com/articles/1/RAPE-AS-AN-INTERNATIONAL-C-by-Janet-Parker-101204-241. hypertext mark-up language N. A. (2012) Transnational Drug Ring Leader Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from http//www. ice. gov/news/releases/1210/121019seattle2. htm N. A. (2012) Transnational Organized Crime United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Retrieved October 22, 2012 from http//www. unodc. org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime. html

Ethical Health Care Issues Essay

wellnesscargon ethics involves making hygienic researched and take onate decisions much or less checkup treatments, while taking into consideration a longanimouss beliefs and wishes regarding all told aspects of their health. The healthc ar industry, above any other, has a high regard for the issues surrounding the welfare of their unhurrieds. This power e rattlingwhere a patient ofs well universe creates a mandatory need for all healthcare organizations to adopt an ethics committee. The committees goal is to establish a written code of ethics that lucubrate the policies and procedures that determine proper action for all employees. There are many honor able issues that may trick out in regards to a patients healthcare.Treating patients with certain religious beliefs pose all-important(a) honest issues in the field of healthcare. This paper will describe an ethical health care issue concerning refusal of care, such as a gunstock transfusion. It will cover the intr avenous feeding ethical principles as they apply to healthcare suppliers and patients nears. It is important that health care workers save a rudimentary sagaciousness of nobles Witnesses philosophy about rail line transfusion so that as professionals we female genitals be proactive in their management.Ethical Health Care IssueIn all areas of practice, physicians come into contact with Jehovahs Witnesses and their refusal to accept rip transfusion, even when it means saving their lives. The Jehovahs Witness faith creates some challenges for physicians caring for its members. The ethical principles of autonomy versus beneficence come into conflict when a physician believes a transfusion is in the trump out interest of the patient, but the patient refuses. Legal precedence provides a backdrop. In addition, Panico, Jenq, & Brewster (2011) article states, there was a possibility involving a woman who had take oned for examination of a fibroid tumor under anesthesia, but withh eld consent for r sense of thetumor. While sedated, she underwent resection of the tumor that led to complications. She sued and the judge ruled in her favor, establishing the notion that every human being should have the right to decide what is d peerless with his or her own body. Moreover, this premise gave any individual the right to refuse treatment if he or she understands the risks a Jehovahs Witness has the right to refuse a line of work transfusion.This ruling set a precedent for informed consent. In 1990, the Canadian case of Malette v Shulman described an emergency department physician who gave a logical argument transfusion to an unconscious patient who was in hypovolemic shock. Per report, the patient had a signed wallet card that identified her as a Jehovahs Witness, although it was undated and unwitnessed. The wallet card, is considered a legal document which, stated that she did not demand to receive a blood transfusion under any circumstances (Lantos, Matlock, & W endler, 2011). Furthermore, when the patients young lady arrived and asked that the transfusion be stopped, the physician did not comply. The physician argued that there was no way of knowing if the patient had changed her mind in the minutes before the car accident and then he was duty march to save her brio (Lantos, Matlock, & Wendler, 2011). The court found the physician guilty of battery.Although it is easy to draw on emotion to argue against the ruling in this case, the verdict has not been overturned. This case illustrates the current teaching to todays physicians, who are taught to respect patients autonomy and preferences for their own bodies (Lantos, Matlock, & Wendler, 2011). Jehovahs Witness have been known to refuse transfusions with packed red blood cells to treat their life-threatening diseases. Medical professionals must consider patient has autonomy of thought, intention, and action when making decisions regarding health care procedures. To comply with patients w ishes medical professionals could offer fresh frozen plasma and platelets as an alternative. Furthermore, Jehovahs Witnesses number over one million in the United States and at least six million worldwide. Witnesses believe in morose and literal interpretation of the Bible, which leads them to reject some aspects of modern medical care (Doyle, 2002).Medical professionals have discussed in open forums ethical decisions they are required to make while taking care of a dying patient who refused to accept a blood transfusion. Data suggests they struggled to relate to someone who would take some blood products, butnot others, and who are willing to risk death over a red blood cell transfusion. Refusal of blood transfusions became common practice only after a 1945 church decision (Mann, Votto, & Kambe, 1992). Indeed, Jehovahs Witnesses interpret these sections of the Bible disparately and if a member accepts blood into their veins, they are shunned and forfeit their social status in the faith community and eternal life. The ordination had enforced shunning and social isolation by Witnesses own family members, relatives, and friends, ultimately leading to expulsion from the religion (Doyle, 2002).Similarly, research suggest that the health care provider must consider four main areas when evaluating justice and the four areas are fair distribution of stingy resources, competing needs, rights and obligations, and potential conflicts with established legislation (Gillon, 1994). In considering the many ethical dilemmas associated with Jehovahs Witnesses and their refusal to accept blood transfusion have medical professionals focusing on the ways in which treatments or interventions violates accepted norms of conduct of social science research. Physicians must be aware of the growing diversity of values and beliefs among Jehovahs Witnesses. Some of the most intractable ethical problems arise from conflicts among principles and the necessity of trading one off again st the other. The match of such principles in concrete situations is the ultimate ethical act (House, 1993, p. 168).Evaluation involves at least four levels of social-political interaction- with government and other agency policy makers who commission evaluation. Evaluation has to operate in this multilayered context of different interests, providing information to inform decisions while remaining independent of the policies and programs themselves (House, 1993, p. 170). More importantly, the weight of ethical judgment is thus put on experimental research to justify meeting ethical standards (Panico, Jenq, & Brewster, 2011). Resource allocation is a major issue that physicians are confronted with when dealing with Jehovahs Witness allocation. Beneficence requires that the procedure be provided with the intent of doing good for the patient involved. As described above if a patient refuses a blood transfusion and opt for an alternative procedure that costs more it can prove problemat ic (Panico, Jenq, & Brewster, 2011).When fraternity thinks of the greater good, this argument poses a challenge to the principles of patient autonomy that we also value. In a society in which medical resourcesare costly, benefits will always need to be weighed against the potential cost to two the patient and society thus creating ethical challenges. Finally, the care of a Jehovahs Witness with life threatening illnesses requires a multidisciplinary and planned approach. These patients suffer with certain diseases and are often anemic and must be prepared to deal with this issue in both outpatient settings and during an acute crisis. Clinicians must view each patient as an individual who may have varying thoughts about transfusions of the multiple different blood products that are available. Therefore, medical practices today need to continue to open early lines of communication with these patients.Providing adequate information and educating the patient about realities and obtain ing informed consent before subjecting a patient to any test, procedure, or surgery is very essential. It is vital to the optimal care of a Jehovahs Witness patient. It is necessary that dialysis unit nurses and social workers have conversations with patients about their beliefs on blood products. Discussing a patients wishes, understanding their basis for these decisions, and discussing risks, benefits, and alternatives that can be used in both emergent and non-emergent situations is crucial to preparing for more urgent situations, when these conversations often are not possible.ConclusionsTo many Jehovahs Witnesses, the consequences of accepting a blood transfusion can be worse than death itself. Not every Jehovahs Witness patient abides by the very(prenominal) beliefs regarding the acceptance of blood products. These patients can be managed through careful planning and open lines of communication betwixt physicians and patients. Understanding the premise behind the beliefs of p atients who are Jehovahs Witnesses is critical to beginning conversations and truly understanding the patient. Ultimately, when a patient establishes what they will accept, as clinicians, ethically we must optimize the care we provide in spite of appearance their wishes about blood products. Frequent and open dialogue is essential for enhancing care for a Jehovahs Witness.As an alternative to violating a patients autonomy some physicians and some hospitals are more comfortable with bloodless procedures and patients can be referred to these centers if necessary for specialty care. Overall, health care professionals should be able to provideethical health care to patients who are Jehovahs Witnesses at any hospital or community office, but must continue to be educated and aware of their beliefs and respect their wishes and the jounce these may have on organizing and providing their care. If these considerations are neglected one can surely expect ethical breaches or dilemmas as inev itable.ReferencesDoyle D. Blood transfusions and the Jehovahs Witness patient. Am J Ther. 20029(5)417424. Gillon, R. (1994). Informed consent an ethical obligation or legal compulsion. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840885/ House, R. (1993). Ethics in evaluation. Retrieved from http//www.uk.sagepub.com/gray3e/study/chapter12/Book%20chapters/Ethics_in_Evaluation.pdf168-170. Lantos J, Matlock A, Wendler D. Clinician integrity and limits to patient autonomy. JAMA.2011305(5)495499. (Lantos, Matlock, & Wendler, 2011). Mann M, Votto J, Kambe J, McNamee M. Management of the severely anemic patient who refuses transfusion lessons learned during the care of the Jehovahs Witness. Ann medical intern Med. 1992117(12)10421048. Panico, M. L., Jenq, G. Y., & Brewster, U. C. (2011). When a patient refuses life-saving care. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 58(4), 647-653.

Queer Theories African American Homosexual

Trapped The Dilemma of the African American Homo familiar Colin Chastain April 1, 2013 Dr. Wayne Brekhus Sociology 3300 Queer Theories Introduction When some maven hears the al-Quran spanking or queer, they most a good deal think of the shopping center class, Caucasian ethereal male. For my explore proposal, I plan on studying what is very often overlooked in queer identity operator the splutter of queer identity in the African American queer male. I am evoke in studying this because I grew up knowing I was spanking in a small, middle class town in rural America.I wish to argue how dauntless African Americans be dependant by ignominious stereotypes, courageous stereotypes, acceptance with stipulations in the gay companionship and black fellowship, racism in the gay federation, homophobia in the macabre friendship, perceptions of blackness and masculinity attitudes toward transgenderism and their effect on gay shady work force living openly, quirk and religio n (the black church), and media perceptions of scandalous homo depend onuality. The majority of the black community express they wished to live restriction free lives. They ar not able to fully be themselves in their occasional lives and often stool to assimilate to be accepted.While much research has been conducted on white gay males, in that location is very little study on African Americans who identify with the queer identity. African Americans already pass to struggle with the racism and stereotypes of existence black as an extremely masculinized and heterosexual environ manpowert while fight with the internal conflict of being gay, which makes their experience unique. Because African? Americans have already encountered a very traumatic experience with oppression, whizz could safely assume that African? Americans would be more than sensitive to socially oppressive practices such as being gay so most decide to conceal it.Sadly, African? American homosexual males be l argely viewed by desolate heterosexuals as not really barren, deviant, a disgrace, an astonish handst and, worse in so far, an agent of genocide aimed against their own race (Alexander, 2004 76, 78). Racism within the gay Community It is disturbing to see that racism is tranquillise prevalent even within the gay community a community that is oppressed nearly as much as African Americans. The relationship between the gay community and obtuse community has been one of association and disassociation. The gay community throughout history has kindredned their struggle to that of sinisters in America.The black community has had little interaction with the gay community and has attempted to distance itself from being comp ard to the gay community. Keith Boykin, fountain of One More River to Cross, often speaks to the dissensions between the Gay community and the ominous community. He analyzes two the gay community and Black communitys relationship to each other and gay Black men. Boykin states, The dirty little secret about the homosexual population is that white gay commonwealth are fitting as racist as white straight people (Boykin, 1996 234). To be gay has interpreted on a white case as well as white experiences (Boykin, 1996 235).Homophobia within the Black Community One thing I never realized is how m each African Americans get hold they have to choose between being Black or being gay based on homophobic pressures within the Black community. In her book, The Truth that Never Hurts, Smith dedicates a chapter specifically to this issue. . Smith states, The fundamental assumption is that I should prioritize one of my identities because one of them is actually more important than the rest or that I must arbitrarily choose one of them over the others for the sake of acceptance in one particular community (Smith, 1998 125-132).This is an issue gay Black men face as they have loyalties to each of their respective communities. Smith acknowledges the d ouble consciousness that many gay Black men face in choosing between the gay community and the Black community. In my experience, being a Caucasian gay male, I never had to go through this since being gay, like Boykin states, has taken on a white face as the most researched and foregrounded community of gay men. Gay Black Men and Issues of Masculinity and crotchet Afrocentricity a mode of thought and action in which the centrality of African interests, values, and perspectives predominant.In terms of action and mien, it is a devotion to the belief that what is in the best interest of African consciousness is at the heart of ethical behavior (Asante, 1998 2). It seeks to highlight the idea that to be black is to be against all rebounds of oppression, racism, classism, homophobia, patriarchy, child abuse, pedophilia, and white racial domination. According to Asante, one cannot be afrocentric and gay. With this being said, afrocentrism recognizes homophobias existence, entirely c annot condone homosexuality to be accepted as right(a) to further the national development of a strong people.This is what most Black men struggle with yet again. To choose to embrace their black heritage and furthering an oppressed race over embracing their sexuality. Its almost as if Black men are trapped between contrary interests of different communities. Perceptions of Homosexuality lead to Risky, Dangerous, and Rash Behaviors Studies have in like manner been conducted which look at the Black gay community and riskier sexual behavior leading to AIDS. Previous research has shown a link between riskier sexual behavior and beliefs regarding homosexuality in the Black community (Peterson, 1992).This link this creates an added barrier for Black gays when compared to white gays. Previous research has also shown that gay Blacks do not seek refuge primarily within the LGBT community and tend to be less(prenominal) involved than gay whites (Stokes, 1996). In fact, as Lewis vizors o ut in his study, gay Blacks experience racism in interactions with white gays (Battle, 2002). Attitudinal differences are important to understand as we attempt to uncover those obstacles gay Black men view as restricting their life chances. Self? estructive behaviors directly related to a negative self-concept are also the result of internalizing heterosexual ideology. High incidence of way abuse, increasing rates of suicide, and risky sexual behaviors are the most common self? destructive behaviors exhibited by homosexuals. This is even more prevalent among Black gay men because the way they perceive themselves correlates to W. E. B. DuBois double consciousness. Gay Black men research often feel torn between the gay community, the Black community, and being a man in society.Having to contend stereotypes makes it difficult for these gay Black men to find a home in either community (Alexander, 2004). Acceptance with Stipulations in the Gay Community and Black Community While gay Bl ack men did feel accepted at times within the gay community and the Black community that acceptance often came with a stipulation. Stipulations in the gay community were assimilation and/or sexual interest. The participants stated that if they present traits that were similar to the white community, they were often accepted into the community without any problems.Some participants even stated that they felt more accepted in the gay community when they muted their Blackness. The participants also stated that if the whites had an interest in gay Black men, then they also were accepted into the community. Stipulations in the Black community were usually silence (vocally and visibly) and explanations of what it essence to be homosexual. Black gays often felt that they were accepted into the Black community as long as they did not speak about their lifestyle or demonstrate their lifestyle (i. e. holding hands with other man, kissing another man, being flamboyant or effeminate, etc. . Many Black gays claim to feel accepted in the Black community once they get a chance to talk to a Black individual one on one to show them that not all gay people are what the media has portrayed. Ultimately, Black gays, like many gays, have to act straight and not reveal any inclination that they were homosexual. Homosexuality and Religion (The Black Church) The understanding of homosexuality within the realm of religion is also important to consider because religion has been a primary aspect of Black liberation for centuries.Homosexuality remains a major taboo in religious talk which has prompted many researchers to analyze why homophobic attitudes exist. In Delroy Constantine-Simms text, The Greatest Taboo Homosexuality in Black Communities, the question is asked whether or not homosexuality is the great taboo? Constantine-Simms, E. Patrick Johnson, and Horace Griffin all provide articles that analyze the relationship between homosexuality and religion (specifically the Black c hurch). All authors agree that the bible has been co-opted by the religious right wings placing a greater furiousness on separation rather than integration.The authors all compare the homophobia that revolves around religion to the racism and sexism that still straightaway clouds religion. Constantine-Simms states, With the interpretive grid provided by a critique of domination, we are able to filter out the sexism, patriarchalism, violence, and homophobia that are very much a part of the Bible, thus liberating it to reveal to us in fresh ship canal the in breaking, in our time, of Gods domination-free order (Constantine-Simms, 2000 87).In Keith Boykins book One More River to Cross, he speaks of several ministers hes interviewed regarding homosexuality and religion. The majority of reverends interviewed agreed that homosexuality is a sin often quoting the Bible to reinforce their opinion. Boykin highlights one reverend in particular who has targeted the gay community as sinners. B oykin cites the empyrean James Sykes as one of best known opponents of homosexuality in the Black church. Boykin quotes Sykes defending a Klu Klux Klan meeting, If I like pork chops and the Klan likes pork chops, nobody has nothing to say.But because the Klan agrees that homosexuality is wrong, and I agree that homosexuality is wrong, then all the sudden Im sleeping with the Klan (Boykin, 1996 127-128). This attitude toward homosexuality is appalling considering Sykes is the minister of religion of a four hundred plus member church. Boykin, along with several other scholars, assert that the dustup of religion has been corrupted by right wing moralists who want nothing more than to eradicate homosexuality from the church. Media Perceptions of Black Homosexuality Images of Black homosexuality have been predominately negative in popular culture today.Across the come on all individuals who have researched this topic agree that gay Black men are represented negatively in popular cult ure. Gay Black men have been portrayed as void of masculinity, hyper-sexual, sassy, and flamboyant. Marlon T. Riggs, author of Black macho Revisited Reflections of a Snap Queen, discusses his anger towards the straight men of the Black community. Riggs states that he evaluate the obstacles in life from the White community because of his race, only when never expected obstacles from his own brothers regarding his sexuality.Riggs believes that they should understand what it is like to be oppressed, and therefore should reject any notion of oppression since they have to face a form of it every day as well. Riggs cites several Black men who have done nothing but participate in the degradation of the gay Black male. His best example lies in a drollery show that used to air entitled In Living Color, in which two straight Black men portrayed gay Black men to review movies from a mans point of view. Riggs also brings the discussion up again regarding the trap of being gay and Black. I a m a Negro Faggot, if I believe what movies, TV, and rap music say of me. Because of my sexuality, I cannot be Black. A strong, proud, Afrocentric Black man is resolutely heterosexual, not even bisexual. (Riggs, 1991 389-394) Various video productions have been produced that attempt to acknowledge the difficulties of being both gay and Black. Films such as Tongues Untied intimately deconstruct the experience of the gay Black male. Tongues Untied is directed and produced by Marlon Riggs.The remove addresses the struggle gay Black men face hush and torn between both the gay and Black communities. Riggs video encapsulates the pain, fear, and hatred gay Black men deal with negotiating their identities within a community that does not recognize their race and a community that rejects their sexuality. The film presents a positive message for gay Black men to love not only themselves but their Black brethren. Tongues Untied presents the best visual representation of what it means to be Bl ack and gay in America.Current media is attempting to expand cultural stereotypes. While some of those negative stereotypes that have been reinforced by popular media still exist, these new forms are seeking to eliminate those past stereotypes and show the world that there isnt just one image of the African American gay man. Attitudes toward Homosexuality and their effect on Gay Black Men Living Openly White and Black attitudes toward homosexuality have directly affected gay Black men to a greater degree than gay White men. Previous studies have yielded an troops of mixed results.Levitt and Klassen (1974) found in their research that whites significantly maintain more negative attitudes toward homosexuality than Blacks. geezerhood later Hudson and Ricketts (1980) and Schneider and Lewis (1984) found the opposite. The most common results regarding Blacks and whites and their attitudes toward homosexuality displayed that Blacks were more likely to support anti-discrimination laws bu t Whites were typically more accepting of the homosexual lifestyle. Gregory Lewis (2003) conducted research that measures Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights.His article uses responses from almost vii thousand Blacks and forty-three thousand whites in 31 surveys conducted since 1973 to give more definitive answers on Black-white attitudinal differences and their demographic roots. Lewiss findings correlate with the research of the past displaying Blacks as character points more likely than whites to condemn homosexual relations as always wrong and percentage points more likely to see them warranting Gods punishment in the form of AIDS, but no more like to favor criminalizing gay sex (Lewis, 2003 63).Lewis also found that while Blacks attitudes regarding homosexuality were predominantly negative Blacks are percentage points more likely than whites to support laws prohibiting antigay job discrimination. Difference in attitudes matter because as L ewis states, First, Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) may rely on same-race heterosexuals for acceptance even more than white LGBs do (Icard, 1986) (Lewis, 2003 61). Those same researchers cogitate that Blacks attracted to their own gender often experience more pressure than whites to hide their homosexual behavior, have children, or marry (Icard, 1986).This fear of coming out represents a problem within the gay Black community and they become trapped which prevents them from living the lives they feel they ought to be living. Conclusion The Black gay male struggle certainly is a rough one. Compared to my experiences with homosexuality, it seems that Black gay males have much more pressure on them to conform to the heterosexual social sanctions of society, their own black community, and racism. I can definitely relate to the substance abuse and acting straight (such as pushing the thoughts out of my mind).The way society views all homosexuality needs to change, and is s lowly changing. Black gay males should be paid a little more tending to in the media, research, and other forms of communication so that the weight of these pressures may be lifted off of their shoulder. even out other minorities such as Hispanic, Asian, or Indian should be more looked upon to open the nations eyes to the diversity and struggle of all homosexuals, not just the white gay male. With this being said, I feel we are taking great strides with the LGBTQ community to further the goal to include all who are struggling.We just need to find a way to eliminate any prejudices that make it even harder for Black gay males or any ethnicity/orientation to find happiness and acceptance. Works Cited Alexander, William H. (2004) Homosexual and Racial indistinguishability Conflicts and Depression Among African? American Gay Males, Trotter Review Vol. 16 Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at http//scholarworks. umb. edu/trotter_review/vol16/iss1/8 Bailey, Robert W. (1999) Gay Politics, Urban Politics Identity and Economics in the Urban Setting. Chichester West Sussex, spic-and-span York Columbia University Press.Boykin, Keith (1996). One More River to Cross. Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Anchor Books. Constantine-Simms, Delroy. , ed. The Greatest Taboo Homosexuality in Black Communities. Alyson Publications. 2000. Hudson, Walter W. , and Wendell A. Ricketts. 1980. A Strategy for the Measurement of Homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality 5(4)357-72 Icard, L. (1986). Black gay men and conflicting social identities Sexual orientation versus racial identity. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4, 83-93. Levitt, Eugene E. , and Albert D.Klassen. 1974. Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality Part of the 1970 Nation Survey by the Institute for Sex Research. Journal of Homosexuality. 1(1)29-43. Lewis, Gregory B. Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly. Chicago Spring 2003. Vol. 67, Iss. 1 pg. 59, 20 pgs. Peterson, J. L. (1992). Black Men and Their Same-Sex Desires and Behaviors. In Gay Culture in America, edited by Gilbert Herdt. Boston Beacon Press Riggs, Marlon T. Black Macho Revisited Reflections of a Snap Queen.Black American Literature Forum, Vol. 25, No. 2, Black Film Issue. (Summer, 1991), pp. 389- 394. Riggs, M. (director). Tongues Untied. 55 min. Frameline, Inc. , 1989. Available at http//www. dailymotion. com/video/xe80ww_tvxs-gr-tongues-untied_people. UWRkFE7n9Ms Smith, Barbara. The Truth that Never Hurts. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London. 1998. Pgs 125-132. Stokes, Joseph P. , and John L. Peterson. 1998. Homophobia, Self-Esteem, and Risk for HIV among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Education and Prevention 10(3)278-92

Miller introduce them into the book Essay

This shows that the girls motive some recognition and gain authority by accusing innocent mess of witchcraft. The people of capital of Oregons biggest fear was the defiance of God and so when Abigail and her assemblage spoke out against witchcraft everybody heeded their haggle and gave them the attention that they wanted. By pretending to be doing Gods work the girls become more of import than before and use their power to make people conceptualize what they want. This is why they argon believed and never themselves impugned. peerless of the most noniceable themes of the book is heroism. Throughout the book there are more examples of this theme. The two most obvious events in the book which dis shirk heroism, if not somewhat controversi all in ally, are the terminals of Giles Cory and put-on watch over. Corys death was heroic but it is executable to take hold of the hanging of Proctor from a different perspective. It could be state that it was not a heros action to die bu t that of a guilty and trepid man. In the book moth miller, as well as Proctor, openly tells us of the characters mistakes.The reason Proctor chooses to be hung is because he could not bear to have his reputation tarnished. It could also be said though that he just could not bear the embarrassment of pleading innocence in order to save his life. John Proctor can be perceived as either a hero or a coward. I return that Proctor was a hero in this book. The way the book talks of him leads me to think of him as a well well-thought-of and highly thought of individual. I think that his actions were extremely queer and heroic. It must take a huge amount of bravery to go to your death even though you can get out of it.Despite there being little symbolism in the play it is a definite symbolic representation of the McCarthy anti-communist trials of the 1950s. I have explained previously about these trials and how they led Arthur Miller writing the book so from this is it obvious that Mill er had these trials in mind whilst writing The Crucible. Many people have said though that these two events are completely different in that there were (as cold as we know) no actual witches in Salem yet there were definitely communists in 1950 America.In the book I sight that Miller seemed to guidance more on the unwillingness of the judges to believe that the accused townspeople were innocent and preferred to hang as many people as possible in order to improve their status and rank within the court. I think this because when Danforths sentiment is questioned he informs the court of how many death warrants he has signed, this to me shows that Danforth thinks that the more people you have hung the more respected you become.It is made obvious to us that Danforth is an important character because when he enters everyone in the room goes silent. This could suggest that you are more important if you have signed a lot of death warrants. This use of silence is some other dramatic dev ice used by Miller to emphasise an entrance and to make the audience focus on the entering character. I personally dont know how the judges didnt see through the girls because when I watched the video I noticed a lot of things which prove the girls are lying.For example, in Act 3, Abigail claims that a cold wind blows and blames Mary Warren for sending out her spirit. During this performance, John Proctor claims that Abigail is a whore and that he has committed adultery with her. Abigail immediately stops acting and desperately informs Danforth that she is not a whore or a lecher. This could have been a major downfall for Abigail if someone had noticed this. I am particularly surprised that Proctor did not. If he had the trials could have ended there and accordingly and would have prevented the deaths of many innocent people.In addition to themes Miller also introduces motifs. A motif is a recurring design, feature or melody. Accusation, Legal Proceedings and Confessions are major motifs of The Crucible. These appear regularly end-to-end the book and are the centre of action in the play. This created a series of indictments even before solid arrived (Sparknotes. com) and a reason for these people to turn on one another (revenge). The only way that the witches could be found was through the accusations and confessions. The trials only continue as a result of accusations.John Proctor attempts to block off the courts proceedings by confessing to adultery in a desperate bid to expose Abigail yet it all goes horribly wrong and Proctor himself is accused of witchcraft Proctors final courageous closing to die rather than confess to a crime he did not commit makes the judges consider the whole case and decide to stop the trials before any one else died. Michael Day 10GO Show lagger only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.