The History of Blaan Essay Example for Free

The History of Blaan EssayThe origin of the Blaan is obscured by the mist of antiquity. Though a nation of rich traditionalistic, almost nothing is cognise about(predicate) them in view of the absence of ancient records. The Blaans belong to the second group of people who migrated to the Is pops between 12,000 and 15,000 years ago. According to the Blaan folk tale told by Fulong, the early Blaans arrived the country next to the To Bali or tiny people. Historians take for identified these tiny people as pygmies or negritos (little black) who said to have arrived in the Philippines about 25,000 years ago across the bring down bridge that was connected the archipelago with mainland Asia. It appears that the Blaans were very much ahead of the Ind anesians by almost 10,000 years and cannot logically belongs to the Indonesian fiber A. The term Blaan, refers to a socio-linguistic group, on the Island of Mindanao, with covers coastal, low-lying and highland(prenominal) groups fr om approximately as far North of Mt. Buluan, to as far South as the Sarangani Peninsula. Both the coastal, lowland and highland distinctions atomic number 18 based in geographical and ecological considerations as will as historical contact with other groups. The coastal and lowland Blaan groups tend to display a much more heterogeneous composition that the more homogeneous highland groups. As such the coastal and lowland groups in the highland are which display a strong sense of culture identity, as will as, more traditional Blaan practice. picHISTORY OF BLAAN ASSOCIATED TO THE LAND.The people come from the land, without the land, there would be no people. The land, comes from the people for without the people, there would be no cultivated land. This is because land to the tribal is as a partner in intent-not as commodity, not as a property that is owned and which may be bartered or sold. For centuries, the tribal people have been able to do just this quite successfully, maintain ing ecological fit within their territory maintaining harmony with their environment. The traditional kaingin system of farming practiced by the majority of tribal Filipino has kept the soil fertile and has presumption flora and fauna, time regenerate land, life and power. The Fulo Bato Blaan consider themselves as one of the highland Blaan groups. According to highland Blaan traditional relief and custom, the spireligious rite entities, who inhabit the dry land and the sky, are the true owners of the land for Blaan. pic Blaan says, that, the Blaan are like the banana, before a generation dies, new roots appear and flex. They grow up and always grow into bananas.They never grow into papaya. In the same way, each new generation of Blaan grow up with the same responsibilities, the previous generation, the same they never change. Blaan relationship are characterized by the interdependence, while each village has property rights over territorial lands, individuals can take as much land as needed provided that this is not in use at the time when a field is abandoned, the ownership revert to the community or (Banwu) personal property applies to products of own labor and still, house, furnishing, weapons, tools, and land crops. pic Many Blaan are very upset about the loss of the traditional lands to non-Blaan groups. Some Blaans believe that the purchase of land is only practical method of obtaining their land from the non- Blaan group, who currently occupy it.BLAAN LANGUAGE Ani sen aye tana go. La ti fan don ko agtagak go di gamo. Ani sen aye go sol. Benwu fan go tayok di gamo.ENGLISH LANGUAGEThis is my traditional land. I dont want to leave this land. This is my homeland that I will leave to go.The Blaan people have been struggling for the recognition of their Ancestral Domain. The issue goes beyond but a question of land use. The manner by which the Blaan people relate to their land resources deeply inter-wines with the customs, culture and political practic es. Thus, it is an issue of a people life in its totality, and their struggle is an expression of their self-determination to carve their own destiny as a distinct people. pic The Blaan people have the right to maintain the typical spiritual relationship with their land, water and resources. They have the right to own and develop these. Their environment and their culture and intellectual property must be protected.The Blaan people have the right to control the development of their land. Government shall assist the Blaan people to preserve and protect their sacred sites. The Blaan people have the right to their own language and disposal hall ensure that the Blaan people can understand and he understand through interpretations and other appropriate ways in legal and other proceedings. The Blaan people value their culture and their tradition. They want to nurture it and maintain it. They want others to respect their right to do so. Blaan ancestral domain (tabi tana) and culture iden tity must be respected.BONG BANWU.is a big community. It is not only a community of people, but also includes their alnigo or clearing, gumlok or the hunting ground, bolol or the mountains, e-el or the rivers, ritual sites and other geographic and human features, such as burial grounds. This domain is defined by territorial boundaries. In the past, the term Bong Banwu was used by the highland Blaan to refer to a very large village and its accompanying and/ or surrounding land. One village was conceptualized by the Blaan as the residence of one mans family. The name of the familys most senior male was often used to refer to the village and its surrounding area. The locality in which the residence of the Bong Fulong is located is unremarkably indicated by a higher population density.

Influence of Pain on Quality of Life for Cancer Patients

Influence of Pain on superior of intent for crab louse PatientsAbstractPurpose Pain is a super acid mission of crabby person patients which is found to significantly affect the forest of life of Head and Neck crabmeat patients. For patients suffering from pubic louse, control of symptoms and distressingness play a significant role in improving the overall lumber of life of qualifying and neck genus crab louse patients. A literature pursuit revealed that studies on the intensity of pain and quality of life before receiving anti genus Cancer therapy are lacking. Thus, this study was an attempt to assess the make up anes mind of intensity of pain on quality of life of cancer patients before receiving anticancer manipulationsMethods A total of 100 histopathologically support cases of head and neck cancer were interviewed. Intensity of pain was evaluated using the Brief Pain Inventory and the quality of life of patients was evaluated using EORTC QLQ-C30 module..Results The results showed that majority of patients suffering from oral cancer belonged to 5th and sixth decade of life. Kruskal Wallis test showed statistically significant in the quality of life and tumour st long times. Chi square test as well as gave significant association amidst the quality of life and pain.Conclusions. Assessment of Quality of life in cancer patients will direct the attention of clinician to the most important symptom pain. Thus confiscate interventions can be instituted at right time along with palliative bang to improve the Quality of Life of cancer patients.Keywords Pain, Quality of Life, Cancer, Palliative careIntroductionHead and neck cancer encompasses a group of tumours involving the lip, oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx and paranasal sinuses. By incidence, it is the sixth leading cancer world(a) and eighth by fatality. Every year 0.5 million new cases are reported. It usually develops in 6th-7th decade of life and five year survival range in a patient suffering from HNSCC is 40-50%. Approximately 40% of these tumours occur in the oral cavity, 15% occur in the pharynx, and 25% occur in the larynx in 90% of the cases, the most common histologic type is squamous cell carcinoma. (1)Pain is the most burdensome symptom and is one of the most common complaints in a patients suffering from Head and Neck cancer. A systematic review evaluating the prevalence of pain in cancer patients over past 40 years reported high figures in the range of 52-77%. (2) The review also stated that as the constitute of cancer modern the prevalence of pain also increased. They reported a prevalence of 62%86% in patients with advanced cancer. (2) These figures are in contrast to rapidly increasing research work in the field of pain suspension.Pain is one of the most significant symptoms of cancer patients that affects fourfold domains of life ranging from its impact on physical functioning to emotional functioning. It is a usual symptom of cancer patients, accounting for 30% to 40% of their chief complaints, and is of multi particularorial aetiology. Approximately 58% of cancer patients suffer from unbearable pain, and this prevalence increases to 85% in patients with cancer in advanced stages. (3. A metanalysis which was carried come to the fore in the year of 52 studies for evaluating the prevalence of pain in cancer patients, reported that head and neck cancer patients had the highest prevalence of pain exceeding gastrointestinal gynaecological, breast and lung tumours. (2) In Head and Neck cancer patients, pain distresses the oral functions and is chief complaint in approximately 58% of the patients awaiting treatment and in 30% of the treated patients (4,5).The depot Quality of Life has been used in literature in diverse ways both as a concept and an instrument of measurement. Very rarely has it been defined clearly. It may be considered as a subjective term which conveys the perception of a patient about his life w hich may either be positive or negative. It includes an assessment of general health, satisfaction, fulfilment, ability to cope, happiness, being in control and degree of independence. (6)Not only does pain affect the life of quality of patients before seeking antineoplastic treatment, also it has devastating effect in patients undergoing treatment. Thus there has been a growing interest in the inclusion of measures for improving life quality of patients before, during and after undergoing quality of life treatments.Literature search revealed that studies on the intensity of pain and quality of life before receiving anticancer therapy are lacking. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the severity of pain and its impact on the quality of life (QoL) in untreated patients with head and neck carcinoma using questionnaire. Also the association of pain severity with clinical stage of the tumour and lymph node fight was assessed.Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out in the p atients reporting to the outpatient department of K.L.E.V.K.I.D.S and Belgaum Cancer play. Ethical clearance was obtained from the trigger. A total of 100 confirmed head and neck cancer patients were interviewed. Untreated histopathologically confirmed head and neck cancer patients were included in the study while patients who were receiving, or had completed their course of treatment for cancer, with recurring cancerous disease and with compromised physical and mental state which prevented them from answering questions were excluded from the study.Patients were divided into four groups depending on their stage of tumour as follows-Group I = Stage I=23 patientsGroup II = Stage II=25 patientsGroup III = Stage III=25 patientsGroup IV = stage IV=27 patientsPain was evaluated using Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) (7) which was validated in the North Indian Population.(8) The BPI is a 11 point ordered series which is presented horizontally from numbers ranging from 0-10. The Questions wer e translated in the local language of the patient. Patients were asked to rate their pain in the last 24 hours at its Worst, Least and on Average. Patients were also asked to shape the number indicating the amount of pain they were having at present. The pain was then categorized into four groups No pain (0), Mild pain (1-4), Moderate pain (5-6) and mischievous pain (7-8)The Quality of Life of patients was assessed using the European brass section for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) version 3.0 (9) which was validated in Indian Population (10).EORCTC QLQ-C30 is a 30 item questionnaire which consists of five available measure, three symptom scale, six single items and Global Quality of life question.(8) The functional scale comprises a set of questions to evaluate the functioning of a cancer patient which includes Physical, Role, Cognitive, Social and Emotional Functioning. Symptom Scale includes three items to evaluate the fatigue, pain and nausea in patients. A number of single items such as Dyspnoea, Insomnia, Insomnia, Constipation, appetite loss, Diarrhoea and Financial difficulties were also included. The Symptom scale evaluated Fatigue, Pain and Nausea.Patients were asked to answer apiece question on a 4 point scale ranging from 1-4 corresponding to pain as Not at all (1), A little part (2), Quite a Bit (3, Very Much (4). Patients were asked to rate the last two items (Global Quality of Life ) on a horizontal scale ranging from 1-7. tout ensemble the scores thus obtained were linearly transformed to be expressed on a scale from 0-100.All the data was tabulated and non-parametric tests were applied. The data was subjected to Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis test.Results100 histopathologically confirmed cases were enrolled in the study. The results showed that head and neck cancer was common in patients in 5th and 6th decade of life (35% and 32% respectively) with a mea n age of 54.8 years (age range-24-86 years). Strong predominance of male population (79%) was seen. Out of a total 100 patients, 67% patients had the site of primary tumour in spontaneous cavity followed by Oropharynx (22 %), Larynx (6%)and Hypopharynx (5%). Lymph node contact was present in 66% patients.The Mean scores for all the items on the scale was obtained using the EORTC QLQ-C30 score Manual. Patients in the early stages of tumour scored significantly higher on function scale indicating higher functionality and ease in their daily activities. On contrary patients with advanced cancer scored higher on symptom scale indicating hampered quality of life and greater difficulty in doing their day to day work.Kruskal wallis test showed significant leaving in the quality of life and the tumour stages, which was statistically significant .(p valueOn applying Mann Whitney test significant differences in the quality of life of patients with lymph node involvement and without lymph node involvement. (p value Chi square test also gave significant association between the quality of life and pain. (p valueDiscussionThis study was carried out to assess the influence of pain severity on quality of life of head and neck cancer patients before receiving any antineoplastic treatment. With approximately one million of new cancer cases being added every year in India and 80% of them presenting in advanced stages ( stage III and stage IV)(11)the need for pain comfort and palliative therapy is imperative.Cancer pain still being one of the most dreaded and burdensome aspects of cancer patients draws attention to the management of pain in head and neck cancer patients. Inspite of introduction of WHOs step ladder pattern for the management of pain control in cancer patients (12) it has been reported that slight than 3% patients in India have an adequate access to pain relief. (13) . The present study also showed signification association between the cancer pain and stage o f tumour. Patients with advanced stage of tumour experienced more(prenominal) difficulty in talking, swallowing etc. and poorer quality of life thus indicating a greater need for the institution of pain relief measures. The findings were consistent with the study done by Oliveira KG et al (14) who concluded that patients in advanced stages showed higher impairment in their functional status. Similar findings were noted by Connely et al (4) who reported that patients with squamous cell carcinoma experienced significantly increased function-related intensity of pain rather than spontaneous.The reasons for under treatment and unequal pain relief could be attributed to poor resources, inaccessibility to morphine, misconception about the drugs for pain relief e.g. addiction, opiophobia of patients and communication problems. (15) Also the nature of Cancer pain is not fixed. It has multiple complex aetiologies and is recurring in nature. One of the very important reasons for the inadequ ate pain relief in cancer patients is that currently no such medication exists for chronic cancer pain that will provide more than 30% relief to the cancer patients.(16) This makes the institution of palliative and support care even more essential.The World Health Organization has defined Palliative care as An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual. (17) WHO emphasizes on meeting the psychological, social and mental call for of the patients so as to improve their quality of life. However, it has been reported that approximately 85% of patients who are admitted to palliative care centres have inadequate relief of pain. (18).Despite the fact that HNC has the highest pain prevalence of all the cancers and is one of the initial symptoms that motivate the patients to seek medical opinion, health care professionals concentrate solely on the surgical aspects, radiation and chemotherapy. The management of chief complain of the patient i.e. pain is neglected which leads to poor quality of life. Therefore an evaluation of cancer patients before initiating any antineoplastic treatment is critical to because most of the studies concentrate on the assessment of pain during or after treatment.ConclusionThe average time from the admission of patients to palliative care social unit and their death is usually less than a month thus indicating that palliative care is usually initiated only in the terminally ill patients, An assessment of quality of life of cancer patients before treatment will draw the attention of the clinician to the most symptomatic and feared aspect of cancer i.e. pain.Thus appropriate measures for pain relief along with supportive and palliative care can be instituted right from the beginning of the treatment which will greatly enhance the quality of life of cancer patients.ReferencesParkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani PGlobal cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin2005,5574-108.Van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH1, de Rijke JM, Kessels AG, Schouten HC, van Kleef M, Patijn J. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer a systematic review of the past 40 years. Ann Oncol. 2007 Sep18(9)1437-49.Cuffari L, de Tesseroli SJT, Nemr K, Rapaport APain complaint as the first symptom of oral cancer a descriptive study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2006,10256-61.Connelly ST, Schmidt BL Evaluation of pain in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Pain 2004, 5505-510Epstein JB, Emerton S, Kolbinson DA, Le ND, Phillips N, Stevenson-Moore P, Osoba D Quality of life and oral function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1999, 211-11.Bjordal K1, Kaasa S. Psychometric validation of the EORTC Core Quality of Life Questionnaire , 30-item version and a diagnosis-specific module for head and neck cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 199231(3)311-21.Cleeland CS, Ryan K Pain assessment global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994, 23129-138.Saxena A , Mendoza T,. Cleeland C. The assessment of cancer pain in north India the validation of the Hindi Brief Pain InventoryBPI-H. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999 Jan17(1)27-41Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ, Filiberti A, Flechtner H, Fleishman SB, de Haes JCJM, Kaasa S, Klee MC, Osoba D, Razavi D, Rofe PB, Schraub S, Sneeuw KCA, Sullivan M, Takeda F.The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 A quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993 85 365-376.Chaukar DA, Das AK, Deshpande MS, Pai PS, Pathak KA, Chaturvedi P, Kakade AC, Hawaldar RW, DCruz AK. Quality of life of head and neck cancer patient validation of the Europ ean organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ-C30 and European organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ-HN 35 in Indian patients. Indian J Cancer. 2005 Oct-Dec 42(4)178-84.Seamark D, Ajithakumari K, Burn G, Saraswalthi Devi P, Koshy R, Seamark C. Palliative care in India. J R Soc Med. 2000932925.Vardy J, Agar M. Nonopioid drugs in the treatment of cancer pain. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jun 132(16)1677-90.Khosla D, Patel F, and Sharma S. Palliative Care in India Current Progress and Future Needs. Indian J Palliat Care. 2012 Sep-Dec 18(3) 149154.Oliveira KG, von Zeidler SV, Podest JR, Sena A, Souza ED, Lenzi J, Bissoli NS, Gouvea SA. Influence of pain severity on the quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer before antineoplastic therapy. BMC Cancer. 2014 Jan 241439.Thapa D, Rastogi V, Ahuja V. Cancer pain management-current status. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Apr-Jun 27(2) 162168.Bloodworth D. Opioids in the treatment of chronic pain Legal framew ork and therapeutic indications and limitations. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 20061735579.Geneva World Health Organization Last accessed on 2012 Mar 02. WHO Definition Of Palliative Care Available from http//www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en .Lin YL, Lin IC, Liou JC Symptom patterns of patients with head and neck cancer in a palliative care unit. J Palliat Med 2011, 14556-559.

Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Features of Trans look horizontal surface security department (TLS)TRANSPORT track SECURITYTLS is a successor to Secure Sockets storey communications communications protocol. TLS deceases secure communications on the net profit for such things as e-mail, earnings faxing, and other selective study transfers. in that respect be slight differences surrounded by SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains signifi bay windowtly the kindred. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS re places on the Application Layer of the OSI fashionl. This provide save you a lot of frustrations epoch debugging and troubleshooting write in codeion troubles connected to TLS.TLS FeaturesTLS is a generic application layer aegis protocol that runs oer secure sway. It provides a secure channel to application protocol lymph nodes. This channel has three innocent security featuresAuthentication of the horde.Confidentiality of the communication channel.Message integrity of the co mmunication channel.optionally TLS earth-closet also provide hallmark of the leaf node. In general, TLS authentication uses open distinguish based digital feelings backed by suretys. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a inscrutable encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key.The client authenticates by signing a stochastic challenge. horde certificates typically contain the servers domain name. lymph gland certificates kindle contain arbitrary identities.The Handshake protocolsThe TLS Handshake communications protocol allows the server and client to authenticate from each single other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptological keys before info is exchanged. In a typical scenario, just the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured bit the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients.Provide security parameters to the record layer .A Client trip outs a ClientHello subject specifying the highest TLS protocol reading it games, a random consider, a numerate of suggested secret writing suites and compression methods.The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol strain, a random hail, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client.The Server blames its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this whitethorn be omitted by the Server).The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection rump be mutually authenticated, utilise a Certificate Request.The Server sends a ServerHelloDone essence, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation.The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nonhing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher).The Handshake protocol provides a physique of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms AuthenticationA certi ficate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a evidence authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial come in, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake protocol uses an X.509 certificate to provide strong evidence to a second activatey that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the correspond private key. EncryptionThere argon cardinal main types of encryption symmetric key (also know as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for come out encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange. Hash AlgorithmsA hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller organise of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the cowcatcher message and the hash is unique to the original information. A hash is similar to a fingermark a fingerprint is un ique to the indivi soprano and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is employ to establish information integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms argon Message jump5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value.The Change Cipher stipulationThe Change Cipher Spec Protocol signals a transition of the cipher suite to be employ on the connection amid the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and thined with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this leave be encrypted and rigorous using the impudent cipher suite.The alarumThe Alert Protocol complicates event-driven alert messages that keister be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the applica tion.The Record Layer/ProtocolThe TLS record protocol is a simple frame layer with record format as shown belowstruct ContentType typeProtocolVersion versionuint16 aloofnessopaque payloadlength TLSRecordAs with TLS, entropy is carried in records. In both protocols, records underside only be processed when the entire record is available.The Record Layer might have iv functionsIt fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and piece incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer.It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer.It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to avouch incoming data.It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data.Application ProtocolTLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protoc ol, transmission soften protocol for example. While it can add security to each protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is well-nigh commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure existence Wide meshing pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.TSL/ SSL SecurityThe client may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA.The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas.The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stop if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period.IPSecIPSec acts at the net tame layer, cherishing and authenticating IP sh ars between alive(p) IPSec devices (peers), such as pix Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any finicky encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a good example of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implement without patching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of emcees, or a gateway and a force. Some of the standard algorithms ar as follows entropy Encryption Standard (DES) algorithmUsed to encrypt and decrypt megabucks data.3DES algorithmeffectively manifold encryption strength over 56-bit DES.Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)a newer cipher algorithm knowing to replace DES. Has a varia ble key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms.Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithmUsed to authenticate packet data.Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)Used to authenticate packet data.Diffie-Hellman (DH)a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a sh ard secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel.IPSec security services provide four critical functionsConfidentiality (encryption)the vector can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a entanglement. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read. information integritythe receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way.Origin authenticationthe receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information.Anti-replay protectionAnti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not paralleld. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the reliable packets and a sliding window on the terminal figure host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped.v How IPSec worksThe goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five primary stepsDefine interesting traffic business is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected.IKE Phase 1This staple fiber set of security services protects all later(prenominal) communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers.IKE Phase 2IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints.Data transferData is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database.IPSec tunnel terminationIPSec SAs terminate through de allowion or by timing out. undertaking 1(b)IPSecs favor over TLSIt has to a greater extent plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms ( identical the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with joyrides, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, disregarding of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP entanglement. cryptograph has to be rewritten or modified it even is possible that substance abusers wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution i s the to the highest degree ethereal one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands some(prenominal) components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carried out by entanglement administrators, and it is slight likely to be adopted directly by end users.TLSs advantage over IPSecThe advantage of TLS over generic application- train security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of encrypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The task with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applic ations we use general mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sacramental manduction systems and so on. Also, most engagement services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over seemingly sockets, exchanging vital information as clear schoolbook and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums).IGMPIGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and contiguous multicast network devices to identify their social statuss. If they are part of the same multicast pigeonholinging they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many.Establish Multicast groupWe describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast book of factses in the global Internet. A multicast head stead partitioning turning away is proposed, based on the Unicast host insure and a per-host regale management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast prognosticateing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast verbalise management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the rating of multicast compensate management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and impact and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several(prenominal) orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consistency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a tokenish by serving the request at heart the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less accommodate traffic, is more robust against f ailures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once)The Routing and Remote opening administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A routing table is call for for static routing. high-octane routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is enteredport Specify the network c ard that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from.Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0. mesh topology Mask The subnet mask of the destination network.Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1.Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network.Dynamic RoutingWindows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 support Dynamic routing protocols areRouting Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IPOpen Shortest Path First (OSPF)Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support.The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynami c routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces.Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)This instrument describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol.The most significant designing in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the conventionalistic dense-mode approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as essential by Deering 23 and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP 45. Thesetraditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient data packets (in the oddball of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes dissemination trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to mouth data packets to the members of the group.The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecturemaintains the traditional IP multicast service model of receiver-initiated membershipcan be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristicsis not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocoluses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics.The robustness, flexibleness, and scaling properties of thi s architecture make it well suit to large heterogeneous inter-networks.This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional dense-mode approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering 23 and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP 45. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam send an telecommunicate message to another internet connected pc user beryl.1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be compound be involved in this task.. 1. Adams Computer 2. Server of Adams Internet Service provider 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider4. Beryls Computer .This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to draw modified messages from pre delineate templates while move. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, hypertext mark-up language or even create a affluent content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard.E-mail is a growing source of an openings records and needs to be hardened as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from interactions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas.2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task.Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol calledTransport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient.. 1. HTTP 2. IMAP(Version 4) 3.SMTP 4. obliterate (Version 3) .HTTP(Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 6, improved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of pantomimer-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics.IMAP4(Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that pro vides management of authoritative messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and await contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol.POP3(Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into mostpopular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP3 is intentional to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a stor e-and-forward service.SMTP(Simple send Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail.3. Taking the c ase that the message include the text please get a line attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages... 1. MIME ..MIME(Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchangedifferent kinds of data files on the Internet audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type.Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate musician application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files).4. How would received message differ the sent messages?The email address that receives messages sent from users who click reply in their email clients. Can differ from the fromaddress which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list. Reply-to should always be a monitored address.IPv4 Internet Protocol (Version 4)The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the primary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications.I P (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities providing connectionless, outdo-effort delivery of datagrams through a network and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. severally IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is delimitateed a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address sp ace as necessary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator.IPv6 (IPng) Internet Protocol version 6IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) alternatively of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in rive documents.IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like 3ffe ffff 100f101210a4fffee39566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4* Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future. Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service.Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4Data structure of IPv6 has modified as followsHeader length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6.Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6.Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6.Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length fieldProtocol field has been replaced with Next Header field antecedent Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits.Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 open does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services.Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space.IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagramsICMP IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are stricter. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also.Absence of ARP RARPFeatures of Transport Layer Security (TLS)Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)TRANSPORT LAYER SECU RITYTLS is a successor to Secure Sockets Layer protocol. TLS provides secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains significantly the same. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS resides on the Application Layer of the OSI model. This will save you a lot of frustrations while debugging and troubleshooting encryption troubles connected to TLS.TLS FeaturesTLS is a generic application layer security protocol that runs over reliable transport. It provides a secure channel to application protocol clients. This channel has three primary security featuresAuthentication of the server.Confidentiality of the communication channel.Message integrity of the communication channel.Optionally TLS can also provide authentication of the client. In general, TLS authentication uses public key based digital signatures backed by certificates. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a secret encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key.The client authenticates by signing a random challenge. Server certificates typically contain the servers domain name. Client certificates can contain arbitrary identities.The Handshake ProtocolsThe TLS Handshake Protocol allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is exchanged. In a typical scenario, only the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured while the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients.Provide security parameters to the record layer.A Client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods.The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol version, a random n umber, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client.The Server sends its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this may be omitted by the Server).The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection can be mutually authenticated, using a Certificate Request.The Server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation.The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher).The Handshake protocol provides a number of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms AuthenticationA certificate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a certification authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial number, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake Protocol uses an X.509 ce rtificate to provide strong evidence to a second party that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the corresponding private key. EncryptionThere are two main types of encryption symmetric key (also known as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for bulk encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange. Hash AlgorithmsA hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller set of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the original message and the hash is unique to the original data. A hash is similar to a fingerprint a fingerprint is unique to the individual and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is used to establish data integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms are Message Digest5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value.The Change Cipher SpecThe Change Cipher Spec Protocol signal s a transition of the cipher suite to be used on the connection between the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and compressed with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this will be encrypted and compressed using the new cipher suite.The AlertThe Alert Protocol includes event-driven alert messages that can be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the application.The Record Layer/ProtocolThe TLS record protocol is a simple framing layer with record format as shown belowstruct ContentType typeProtocolVersion versionuint16 lengthopaque payloadlength TLSRecordAs with TLS, data is carried in records. In both protocols, records can only be processed when the entire record is available.The Record Layer might have four functions It fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and reassemble incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer.It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer.It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to verify incoming data.It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data.Application ProtocolTLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protocol, TCP for example. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.TSL/ SSL SecurityThe clie nt may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA.The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas.The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stops if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period.IPSecIPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices (peers), such as PIX Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any specific encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a framework of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implemented without pa tching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of hosts, or a gateway and a host. Some of the standard algorithms are as followsData Encryption Standard (DES) algorithmUsed to encrypt and decrypt packet data.3DES algorithmeffectively doubles encryption strength over 56-bit DES.Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)a newer cipher algorithm designed to replace DES. Has a variable key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms.Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithmUsed to authenticate packet data.Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)Used to authenticate packet data.Diffie-Hellman (DH)a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel.IPSec security services provide four critical functionsConfidentiality (encryption)the sender can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a network. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read.Data integritythe receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way.Origin authenticationthe receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information.Anti-replay protectionAnti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not duplicated. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the received packets and a sliding window on the destination host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped.v How IPSec worksThe goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five prim ary stepsDefine interesting trafficTraffic is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected.IKE Phase 1This basic set of security services protects all subsequent communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers.IKE Phase 2IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints.Data transferData is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database.IPSec tunnel terminationIPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out.TASK 1(b)IPSecs advantage over TLSIt has more plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms (like the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with tools, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, regardless of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP network. Nothing has to be rewritten or modified it even is possible that users wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution is the most transparent one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands several components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carried out by network administrators, and it is less likely to be adopted directly by end users.TLSs advantage over IPSecThe advantage of TLS over generic application-level security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of en crypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The problem with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applications we use everyday mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sharing systems and so on. Also, most network services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over plain sockets, exchanging vital information as clear text and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums).IGMPIGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and adjacent multicast network devices to identify their memberships. If they are part of the same multicast group they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many.Establish Multicast groupWe describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the Unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for add ress acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consistency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once)The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A rou ting table is required for static routing. Dynamic routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is enteredInterface Specify the network card that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from.Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0.Network Mask The subnet mask of the destination network.Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1.Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network.Dynamic RoutingWindows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 supported Dynam ic routing protocols areRouting Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IPOpen Shortest Path First (OSPF)Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support.The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynamic routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces.Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol.The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional dense-mode approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering 23 and implement ed previously in MOSPF and DVMRP 45. Thesetraditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecturemaintains the traditional IP multicast service model of rece iver-initiated membershipcan be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristicsis not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocoluses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics.The robustness, flexibility, and scaling properties of this architecture make it well suited to large heterogeneous inter-networks.This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional dense-mode approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering 23 and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP 45. These traditional dense mode multica st schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam send an email message to another internet connected pc user beryl.1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be involved be involved in this task.. 1. Adams Computer 2. Server of Adams Internet Service Provider 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider4. Beryls Computer .This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to create modified messages from predefined templates while sending. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, HTML or even create a rich content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard.E-mail is a growing source of an enterprises records and needs to be treated as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from i nteractions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas.2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task.Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol calledTransport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient.. 1. HTTP 2. IMAP(Version 4) 3.SMTP 4.POP (Version 3) .HTTP(Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 6, impro ved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of MIME-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics.IMAP4(Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that provides management of received messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and search contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol.POP3(Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into mostpopular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browse rs. POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service.SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail.3. Taking the case that the message include the text please find attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages... 1. MIME ..MIME(Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchangedifferent kinds of data files on the Internet audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type.Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate player application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files).4. How would received message differ the sent messages?The email address that receives messages sent from users who click reply in their email clients. Can differ from the fromaddress which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list. Reply-to should always be a monitored address.IPv4 Internet Protocol (Version 4)The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the pr imary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications.IP (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through a network and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. Each IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Intern et Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as necessary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator.IPv6 (IPng) Internet Protocol version 6IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) instead of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in separate documents.IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like 3ffe ffff 100f101210a4fffee39566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4* Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future. Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service.Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4Data structure of IPv6 has modified as followsHeader length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6.Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6.Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6.Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length fieldProtocol field has been replaced with Next Header fieldSource Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits.Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 broadcast does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services.Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space.IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagramsICMP IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are strict er. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also.Absence of ARP RARP

Food Clustering For Diabetes Diet Health And Social Care Essay

Food Clustering For Diabetes Diet Health And Social C argon EssayThe common way for Diabetes Educators to assure diabetes patients of their nutrition therapy is by introducing aliment substitution. The existing categorization mechanism is not efficiently for classify the nutrition for diabetic patient. Clustering info Mining (DM) Techniques give the axe be a very useful tool to collect intellectual nourishment items with the analogous elements into groups. This paper looks at the use of K-mean to Cluster food infoset into groups based on food elements utilise RapidMiner tool .The output from the clustering algorithm will help other recommendation systems software to provide patient with a close recommendation for there diabetes provender.Keywordsselective information archeological site diabetes, data set ,K-meant.1. IntroductionFood and nutrition are a key to have good health. They are important for everyone to maintain a healthy diet especially for diabetic patients wh o have several limitations. Nutrition therapy is a major solution to prevent, manage and tally diabetes by managing the nutrition based on the belief that food provides vital medicine and maintains a good health. Typically, diabetic patients need to avoid additional cacography and fat for finding the substitution from the same food group 4.The effective clustering from the various actual nutrients is needed to apply. The clustering will encourage diabetics to carry off the widest possible variety of permitted food to ensure getting the full range of trace elements and other nutrients. This paper is set out as follows. Section 2, introduces almost related work of data mining and diabetic diet. Section 3, describes the apply data set and summarize the main features that it contains. Data preparation work is presented in Section 4. Section 5, describes the materials and methods apply in this study. In Section 6, the conclusion is given.2. Literature ReviewLi et al 1, this study proposed an automated food ontology constructed for diabetes diet care. The methods include generating an ontology skeleton with hierarchical clustering algorithms (HCA)also it is used intersection naming for class naming and instance ranking by granular ranking and fix .This study based on dataset from food nutrition composition database of the Department Of Health the dataset. Phanich et al 2, proposed Food Recommendation System (FRS) by using food clustering analysis for diabetic patients. The system will recommend the proper substitutedfoods in the context of nutrition and food characteristic. They used Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and K-mean clustering for food clustering analysis which is based on the similarity of eight-spot significant nutrients for diabetic patient. This study is based on the dataset Nutritive values for Thai food provided by Nutrition Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health (Thailand).3. Dataset DescriptionThis study is based on the datase t provided by The USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard role (SR)3.the Values in the database based on the results of laboratory analyses or calculated by using appropriate algorithms, factors, or recipes, as indicated by the source in the Nutrient Data file. Not every food item contains a complete nutrient profile. The used data set is an abbreviated file with few nutrients but all the food items was included. The Dataset contains all the food items with nutrients with 7540 records and 52 attributes. Table1, 2 and 3 show data set attributes and their description. In order to check for abstracted value I used Rapid Miner tool. Table 4 present sample of data set.4. Data PreparationThe quality of the results of the mining process is directly proportional to the quality of the data. I need first to prepare the data set by applying Data preprocessing strategies. Data preprocessing is an important and critical footprint in the data mining process, and it has a huge impact on t he success of a data mining project. The purpose of data preprocessing is to cleanse the cloudy/noise data. Fig. 1 shows the different strategies in the data preprocessing phase. In this study I focused on data cleaning and data reduction. envision 1 strategies in data preprocessingTable 1 description of data set attributes from 1- 24Table 2 description of data set attributes from 25-48Table 3 description of data set attributes from 49-52Table 4 Sample of datasetShrt_DescWaterEnerg_KcalProteinLipid_TotAshCarbohydrtSugar_TotothersBUTTER,WITH SALT15.877170.8581.112.110.060.06BUTTER,WHIPPED,WITH SALT15.877170.8581.112.110.060.06BUTTER OIL,ANHYDROUS0.248760.2899.48000CHEESE,BLUE42.4135321.428.745.112.340.5CHEESE,BRICK41.1137123.2429.683.182.790.51Data CleaningData cleaning, also called data cleansing or scrubbing, deals with detecting and removing errors and Inconsistencies from data in order to improve the quality of data 6. The aim of data cleaning is to win the data quality to a le vel suitable for the clustering analyses. The Methods used for data cleaning are fill in missing values and abolish data redundancy.Missing valueIt is common for the dataset to have fields that contain unknown or missing values. There are a variety of original reasons why this can happen. There are a number of methods for treating records that contain missing values 71. Omit the ill-judged field(s)2. Omit the entire record that contains the incorrect field(s)3. Automatically enter/correct the data with default values e.g. select the mean from the range4. Derive a model to enter/correct the data5. Replace all values with a global constantWithin this study both missing and unknown data have been set to zero. matchingd RecordsDuplicate records do not share a common key and/or they contain errors that make duplicate matching a difficult task. Errors are introduced as the result of transcription errors, incomplete information, lack of standard formats, or any combination of these fact ors 7 . The data set used in this study include data objects that are duplicate. Using RapidMiner to removing duplication .As result from this process the 7540 records decreased to 7139 record.Data ReductionData reduction can be achieved in many ship canal one way is by selecting features 5, The used data set contains many Irrelevant features that contain almost no useful information for data mining task As 2 I will focus only on eight attributes out of fifty two attributes, as they are important for diabetes diet.The eight nutrients includeCarbohydrateEnergyFatproteinFibervitamin EVitamin B1(also known as thiamine)Vitamin CData NormalizationData normalization is one of the preprocessing procedures in data mining, where the attribute data are scaled so as to fall within a small specified range such as -1.0 to 1.0 or 0.0 to 1.0.Normalization before clustering is specially needed for distance metric, such as Euclidian distance, which are sensitive to differences in the magnitude or sc ales of the attributes.The K-Means typically uses Euclidean distance to measure the distortion between a data object and its cluster centroid .However, the clustering results can be greatly touched by differences in scale among the dimension from, which the distances are computed. Data normalization is the linear transformation of data to a specific range. Therefore, it is worthwhile to enhance clustering quality by normalizing the dynamic range of input data objects into specific range 8.in this study I will normalize data to the range of 0, 1 . Figure 2 show the result from the data preprocessingFigure 2 Result from Preprocessing(Data cleaning , Data Reduction , Data Normalization)5. Data Analysis Methodology by and by data preparation, a second step is using a K-means to cluster food data set. In order to work with optimal k-value as 2 used the Davies-Bouldin index 9 to evaluate the optimal k-value. The k-value is optimal when the related index is smallest. For this study,I used K=19 since it gives the smallest value.The final result is the food clusters which foods in the same group provide the approximate amount of the eight nutrients. Data analysis solution RapidMiner was used to analysis the data set and cluster food item. The square process sequence shown in figure 3.figure 4, 5, 6 shows the final result.Figure 3 data analysis processFigure4 food Items clustered into 19 clustersFigure4 dispersion of 8 Nutrients into clusters from (0-12)Figure4 distribution of 8 Nutrients into clusters from (13-18)5.1 K-mean Evaluationa performance based on the number of clusters.This operation builds a derived index from the number of clusters by using the formula 1 (k / n) with k number of clusters and n covered examples. It is used for optimizing the coverage of a cluster result in respect to the number of clusters. By applying the K-mean model to this data set the Cluster number index = 0.997 witch indicate a good coverage.6. ConclusionData mining has been widely used in many health care fields. The Diabetes Diet Care was one of the health problems that data mining play role on it .this experiment are conducted based on USDA National Nutrient dataset. The results demonstrate that K-mean is very effective and it can successfully create food groups that will help in many recommendations systems.

Rebellion in George Orwell’s 1984 and Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuc

Rebellion in George Orwells 1984 and Ken Keseys one(a) Flew over the Cuckoos nuzzleGeorge Orwells 1984 and Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest are deuce excellent and closely related novels. Set in two very divergent times, these two novels are essentially about the rebellious armed combat spirit of individuals. Authority in 1984 is depicted in the form of the society, which rules over Oceania. In One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, Nurse Ratched and her staff are the authority figures. 1984s protagonist, Winston Smith, fights against the Party, and McMurphy fights Nurse Ratched in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest. These two men have several character similarities. The Party and its leader Big Brother play the role of authority in 1984. The Party is always ceremonial the citizens of the Republic of Oceania. This is exemplified in the fact that the government has telescreens with which they can watch you wherever you are set up almost everywhere. Even in the countryside where at that place are no telescreens, the Party can monitor its citizens through hidden microphones disguised as flowers. The Thought Police are capable of spying on your thoughts at whatevertime, and can arrest or even k tired of(p) you on a whim. Not only does the Thought Police find and hunt drop felons, but it also scares others into being good citizens. The Party strives to eliminate more and more words from peoples vocabularies. Thus, the Party can destroy any possibilities of revolutions and conspiracies against itself. Its ultimate goal is to reduce the language to only one word, eliminating thought of any kind. The Party makes people believe that it is good and right in its actions through the Ministry of Truth and through the slogans printed on the Ministry of Truth... ...o novels have similar authority figures and protagonists. Both novels express the importance of standing up for what you believe in and fighting against authority no matter how difficult. Even though they are both defeated at the end of the novels, the reader empathizes with each of their struggles. The oppressed Winston Smith fought against the evils of the Party while other citizens accepted it and all its lies. Randal Patrick McMurphy battled Nurse Ratched right from the start. He was a leader among the other patients and brought new light to the ward. His fighting spirit, stubborn attitude, and ill temper, however, ultimately defeat him. These two novels were and still are very powerful and moving. Like all novels ever written, 1984 and One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest both have their weaknesses. They are, however, well written, gripping, and overall good reads.

Iago Essay -- essays research papers

Iago, More than Just a Villain Iago, the evil villain of Shakespeares Othello, is more than just a villain. In manhoody ways he is the most level-headed and appeal character in the play. Iago shows superiority over the rest of the characters in the play. He has the ability to manipulate the characters in the play, therefore unconditional the play with every sequence of events. His intelligence shines through his ability to deceive, his ability to strategize, and his ability to twist the truth. Iago is appealing to the characters of the pay because he gives them what they want. Iago is appealing to the reader as well. His character is totally unconflicted about being evil, making him known to some authors as the villain of all villains. Iago is, in many ways, the most intelligent and appealing character in the play. Iago has a sophisticated way of deceiving the characters of the play, making him a very intelligent person. Early in the play Othello introduces Iago to the Duke of V enice as, My ancient / A man he is of honesty and trust (. iii. 284-85). This is but one of the times in the play that Iago is referred to as honest and true. Throughout the play Iago is considered to be honest, but is actuality the villain. In order to maintain this false image one has to have a beguiling character. After Othello and his lieutenant, Michael Cassio, return from the war against the Ottomans, there is a jubilation. At this celebration Iago puts his manipulation to work. He knows that Othello and Desdemonas love for each other is very true, but he tells Rodrigo that Desdemona had love for Cassio With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. / Ay, smile upon her, do (II. I. 164-65). This quote shows that Iago deceives Roderigo into believing that Desdemona loves Cassio, when in Roderigos look it is virtually impossible. Iago basically controls Rodrigo because Iago deceives him into believing that he can have Desdemona, by both Cassio and Othell o.Iago uses his strategically apt abilities to come up with a very intelligent system that will eventually destroy Othello. After Iago and Rodrigo find out about Othello and Desdemonas marriage, Iago manipulates Rodrigo into making him angry, because Rodrigo has feelings for Desdemona. Iago and Roderigo go to Brabantios abode to enrage him by telling him about Othello and Desdemona Call up her ... ...sio is in fact in love with Desdemona, and that Cassio is in fact doing dishonesty to Othello. Othello does get discouraged by this advice granted by Iago, and eventually does confront Desdemona. The quote specifically displays how Iago can make Cassio seem evil to Othello. Iago persuades Othello into believing him, which creates a way for Iago to work around the truth. Iago altogether changes the appearance of Cassio, therefore making Iago extremely intelligent and far superior. Iagos magnificent intelligence and superiority make him a very intriguing character. Iago is non just an y villain that comes into a town, with a black cape and knife that scares everyone, he destroys and kills by using creative tactics that could only be thought of by someone who is brilliant. He deceives, strategizes, and twists the truth with amazing ease. Iago maintains his on point intelligence by staying completely unconflicted about being evil. Iago is completely pull as he states, He will turn her virtue into pitch, / And make the net / That shall enmesh them all (II. Ii. 366-368). Iago is considered a cross between God and the Devil, as shown in the, divinity fudge of Hell (. ii. 356)

The Reflection of Victorian Britain in Literature Essay -- The Tell Ta

The Reflection of Victorian Britain in LiteratureQueen Victoria reigned in Britain between 1937-1901. During this timein British tale a large degree of change occurred. The writers ofthe time often reflected these substantial changes in their literaturefocusing on the interests of society.I have studied a variety of literature from the Victorian period andhave chosen to write about three particular pieces The Signalman byCharles Dickens (a short story), the novel Frankenstein by MaryShelley and another short story called The Tell Tale Heart by EdgarAllen Poe.At the point when these stories were written, there were a wide rangeof issues touching society. How eer, for the earn of this essay Iam only going to focus on three of these the role of God, theincreasing advances in science and technology, the supernatural andinsanity.The point which I am going to focus on first is about the role Godplayed in many peoples lives and how this is reflected in theliterature of the Victorian perio d.In Frankenstein Mary Shelleys point of view about the advancesoccurring in the progress of medicine and technology can be seen. Shealso explains the dangerous issues connected with man stressful to copythe role of God.The central characters in Frankenstein are Dr Frankenstein and hiscreation, the monster. Dr Frankenstein tells the story.At the beginning of Frankenstein, Dr Frankenstein becomes overconfident with new advantageous technology. He intends to make theperfect human in set out to save lives and becomes somewhat obsessedwith this idea. He surgically attaches many different body partstogether from deceased people. He believes from his previous researchtha... ... raved- Iswore His sudden change in behaviour is what convinces the readerand the police, the manslayer is mad. I admit the deed - tear up theplanks - here, here - It is the beating of his hideous heart Themurderer admits he committed the murder.In conclusion it is clear that the literature I have studied, TheSig nalman, The Tell Tale Heart and Frankenstein all directlyreflect the interests of Victorian Britain. The curiosities in therole of God, the increasing developments in science and technology,the supernatural and insanity were all reflected in these books, aswas the work of Psychoanalysts like Sigmund Freud. There was bettertransport than ever before and psychiatrists found out how the mindworked and were then capable of looking inside it. The literature hadto reflect the interests of the time in order to be successful.