Benefits Of Technology Contribution To Developing Countries

Benefits Of Technology Contribution To Developing Countries In such fast growing economies, multinational companies are relying heavily on technology to maintain their competitive position in the global platform. To do so, multinational companies constantly expand into new markets and hence their success is partly determined by their ability to transfer technology to local companies (Chen (1996), Chung (2001)). Transfer of technology is a foremost strategy initiated by the multinational companies during their international expansion. Technology transfer is defined as the transmission of know-how to suit local environments, with effective absorption and diffusion both within and across countries (CHung (2001) and Tihanyi Roath (2002). Transfer of technology is not as simple as it looks it involves a series of complex procedures starting from the multinational companies capability of teaching, the local companies capacity of learning and the complex integration between the two companies (Griffith, Kiessling and Dabic, 2005). Technology gives c ompanies the competitive edge to strive and compete in the global world. It is integrated with every value adding activity of the company and helps in achieving these activities (Porter, 1980). Technology helps in improving and maintaining quality levels and competitive edge of the products. It also helps in reducing the productions cost and increase manufacturing productivity by improving efficiency (Gisselquist Grether, 2000). Every country (developing and developed) spends large amount of funds to attract foreign investments. This investment can be in terms of foreign direct investments in stocks of local companies or in terms of investing in the countrys properties real estate or opening up a manufacturing plant in the country. The reasons noted for such behavior by the governments of developing and developed country is to strengthen their economy and technology sophistication and upgradation. When a multinational company is operating in foreign (developing) country, it happens to brings in new technologies and ways of working to the local country. Thus helping the country to upgrade its technological know-how. In this paper, the author will first highlight the importance of technology contribution by multinationals and later evaluates the factors that will determine the whether or not the transferred technology provides benefits or is a disadvantage to the host country. The role of multinational companies as an agent of technology transfer for economic development of less developed countries is potential and very important (Bruce Peters, 1979). FOR MNCS: Keeping aside few instances that have taken place and the points noted against the multinational companies in less developing countries. We cannot ignore the fact that these multinational companies have played a vital role in technological and overall development of developing countries. Starting from transfer of technology to bringing new ways of managing business to improving productivity to making local business competitive in comparison to the world. The contribution of the multinational companies in less developed countries is noteworthy (Aswathappa, 2008). Multinational companies and developing countries have different goals, hence they should try to come together and find mutual goals and benefits. This could be in terms of resource identification, technology selection and advancement. It is known that the world is dependent on each other for few or more things. It is the developing countries that are dependent on multinational companies from developed countries for help in te rm of technological development and stronger economies. Similarly, the multinational companies are dependent on these developing countries for cheap labor and land. Their goal is mutual and hence by working together can realize benefits for each other. Against MNCS: There are many cases and instances which show that the multinationals technology contribution to developing countries is hardly suitable. Multinational companies develop technologies that are highly capital intensive whereas the technologies needed by the developing countries are labor intensive. Thus this makes the technology contribution as less suitable, also multinational companies charge heavily in the forms of fees, duties and royalties for the usage of their technology. Thus making the technology very expensive for the developing countries. On several occasions it has been noted that that multinational companies or foreign companies operating in developing countries are dumping technologies by using obsolete technology with the help of turnkey projects. It is also noted that multinational companies try to make local companies dependent on their technology and expertise and thus making revenues by contributing obsolete technologies. For example: Indian government did its best t o attract foreign companies and investment with a hope that these multinational companies would help reach its goal of having best technology around the globe and strong export hub. This goal of India is not yet been realized with the exports falling and the global financial crisis still showing some of its effect in India. Likewise, other developing countries have been disappointed at many occasions. Today the word green is associated with the global warming; many companies have gone green meaning they have taken the initiative to use eco friendly methods to minimize their impact on the environments. Developing countries attracted multinational companies with the hope of setting up Greenfield projects which would in turn help to maximize their manufacturing capacity. The goal is yet to be achieved. government of developing countries attract foreign companies in order to bring new technologies to country but these foreign companies in turn either acquire local companies or merge wi th them, thus keeping the country away from new technology and manufacturing abilities. Many less developed countries have now kept environment on their first priority. Countries are now becoming more concerned about the impact that multinationals create on the environment due to certain technologies that they use (Aswathappa, 2008). POTENTIAL FACTORS: It is also very important to note the factors that will determine whether the technology transferred will be of benefit to the developing country or not. Griffith et al., (2006) uses an environment strategy performance framework to identify the role of market (i.e. competitive intensity and market dynamics) and cultural environmental (national cultural distance and organizational cultural distance) factors on international technology transfer to developing countries. During a survey conducted to find out the direct efforts of market and cultural environmental factors on transfer of technology with 131 managers working in a subsidiary of multinational company. It was found that market dynamism factors were more influential market environmental factor than competitive intensity. Whereas national cultural distance was less influential cultural environment factor than organizational cultural distance. The report also highlighted a very important and pivotal relationship between transfe r of technology and subsidiary performance (Griffith et al., 2006) Summary Multinational companies are businesses that carry out operations across globe. They are the most active players in the world of international business they have been often charged on several grounds like taking advantage of poor countries, their interests override the interests of developing nations and they have a tendency to bribe the less developed country government to make policies and regulations favorable to them. It is widely known that each coin have two sides, there are pros and then there are cons, there is opportunity and then there is risk. multinational companies are very important in terms of technology contribution but then there are risks of obsolete technology, technology dumping, impact on environment etc. thus developing countryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s government should list few factors that would help them to determine whether the technology contribution by multinationals is benefit to the host country or not. A research conducted by Gibson and Smilor suggests that there are four variables i.e. communication interactivity, cultural and geographical distance, technology equivocally and personal motivation play very important role in technology transfer within and between companies (Gibson and Smilor, 1991). In another research conducted by Rebentisch and Ferretti (1995), they found that four categories, Transfer Scope, Transfer Method, Knowledge Architecture, and Organizational Adaptive Ability, describe important elements of the transfer process. Transfer Scope describes the extent of embodied information being transferred. Transfer Method describes the approaches used to transfer the technology. Knowledge Architecture describes the structure and the interdependencies between the firms knowledge assets. Organizational Adaptive Ability describes an organizations ability to change its knowledge architecture over time.

One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research papers

One flew East, One flew West, One died without a part of his brain. In my opinion the main theme of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is conformity. The patients at this mental institution, or at least the one in the Big Nurse’s ward, find themselves on a rough situation where not following standards costs them many privileges being taken away. The standards that the Combine sets are what makes the patients so afraid of a change and simply conform hopelessly to what they have since anything out of the ordinary would get them in trouble. Such conformity is what Mc Murphy can not stand and makes him bring life back to the ward by fighting Miss Ratched and creating a new environment for the patients. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest represents a rebellion against the conformity implied in today’s society. Ken Kesey, the author, offers many examples of imagery through the Chief’s detailed narrative of the story. Appealing to the sense of sight, Bromden, describing the reactions of some invalid patients, says: â€Å"the Chronics woke up to look around with heads blue from lack of blood† (214). A touch imagery is present when the Chief describes McMurphy’s hands: â€Å"I remember the palm was smooth and hard as bone from hefting the wooden handles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (23). After killing McMurphy, Bromden’s narrative appeals to the sense of sound when he expresses he â€Å"heard the wires and connections tearing out of the floor† (310). Guessing that fall is coming and using the sense of smell, Bromden states: â€Å"I ca...

10 Ways How Photoshop Changed History of Photography

10 Ways How Photoshop Changed the History Of Photography by Steven Campbell on Apr. 2nd, 2010 In the past, you had to be very patient as a digital photographer. If you wanted to catch something spectacular you had to carry your camera with you everywhere until you saw something special. To capture a sunrise you had to get up at the crack of dawn. Models had to spend hours in the makeup room and studios had to be well lit. Everything I just mentioned changed instantly with the invention of Photoshop.Photoshop has changed the history of digital photography. Nowadays, when you look at an amazing photo or image your first impression is still â€Å"wow† but your immediate second thought is â€Å"that has to be photoshopped†. When you think of the history of Photoshop and everything Photoshop did to change the game, it’s pretty insane. In this article, I’m going to cover some of the ways how Photoshop has changed digital photography forever. How We See the World [pic] The most significant effect Photoshop has had on us is how we see our world.Digital artists and manipulators know how to take an ordinary photograph and turn it into something completely different and extraordinary. [pic] Images that are photoshopped really have me doubting reality sometimes. Whether they have to do with people, places, or things, you can’t argue with the creativity and time that goes into some of these images. They give you a new perspective on the world. How We View History [pic] Aside from the historical significance of digital photography, Photoshop has changed the way we view history in general.Historical photographs can be photo shopped just as easily as any other image, which leaves you wondering if you are viewing a historical painting or a modern piece of Photoshop art. How We Advertise I bet you were wondering when I was going to get to this part. Advertising has changed forever due to image manipulation. You can’t look through a magaz ine without seeing dozens of photo shopped ads (I dare you to try). [pic] Think about what this means. To me, this says that companies that used to run text ads or had to hire a photographer to take their photos can now just pay someone to make their ad on a Mac or PC.Photoshop has changed advertising and business as a whole. How We View the Human Form [pic]Photoshop has also changed our image of what the perfect person looks like. With models and celebrities – most notably – we have seen Photoshop go into every magazine cover and spread in modern existence. Allow me to touch on a few examples of this. Erasing Blemishes Ever wonder how your favorite actor looks so perfect all the time? Well, they don’t. Image editing has led us to believe that some people are actually perfect in appearance, when in reality these photos have been doctored.You want to look perfect in all of your photos? Start learning Photoshop. Adding Style [pic]You can do anything you want to a person on Photoshop. Hair color, eye color, fashion, you name it – you can change everything. Age Progression Want to see what Katie Holmes might look like in a few dozen years? Someone’s already thought of that. Thought of that. [pic] You can use Photoshop for practical means like predicting age progression. It takes a bit of talent, but nonetheless it’s a possibility.How We Witness Nature [pic] If you’ve ever seen Planet Earth on the Discovery Channel you know that there are some beautiful places on this planet with some crazy looking creatures living there. Photoshop has allowed artists to get even more creative with nature and create their own species and landscapes. See the skull in that tree? What We Find Humorous [pic]A lot of photo shopped images are meant to be funny. Creators use irony and humor to adapt digital photos to make us laugh. To Make Fantasy Reality pic]Aside from all the real world examples of Photoshop history, images are constantly created to invoke our imagination. When you look at one of these pieces of art you are able to visualize the artist’s dreams and fantasies. What did we do before this? Conclusion These are the 10 ways I’ve noticed that Photoshop has changed the history of the digital photograph. There’s got to be more but these things just don’t jump out at me anymore due to the norms I’m accustomed to in the Photoshop era. What do you think about Photoshop? Has it affected your life in some way?

The Term Sustainability in The Brundtland Report in 1987...

Impending climate change, overpopulation, poverty, depletion of resources, biodiversity loses, pollution, food security, economic crises and countless other issues are all traceable back to mankind’s unsustainable practices. Sustainability has often been deemed the only feasible approach to providing mankind with a worthwhile future. The term â€Å"sustainability† has gained considerable support since its publication in the Brundtland Report in 1987. The acceptance of the report by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly gave the term serious political status and resulted in global following (****). Sustainability or sustainable development aims at alleviating poverty whilst improving the well-being of the planet through sustainable†¦show more content†¦The seemingly broad-scale failure can be accounted for by failures within each of the three pillars and more particularly within business and society. Environmental sustainability Unlike the economic and societal sectors it is clear as to what needs to be done in our environmental areas. Environmental sustainability which seeks to protect the planet and its resources, so that it may sustain life for present and future generations (****). Given the increased ecological focus we now understand the need to preserve and restore our environment and safeguard our natural resources (****). Included in all of this environmental sustainability are the moves toward cleaner, renewable forms of energy, reductions in emissions, efficient resource usage and considerations from business and society surrounding their negative environmental impact. Environmental Restoration Conservation Societal sustainability Countries like the United States Social Education and related Societal paradigms Citizenship -ïÆ'   politics consumer Economic sustainability Taxes, fines, incentives Green economy Multidiscipline Sustainability Science unanimously agrees that in order to attain true sustainability we need to address the problem as a whole and not as individual parts (***). The Science’s Role After all of this the question still remains as to science’s roles in sustainable development. Science has various vital roles to play within the sustainability realm, knowledge,Show MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Sustainable Development1638 Words   |  7 Pages‘environmental politics.’ The concept of sustainable development makes us believe that it is possible to realize economic prosperity and protect the environment at the same time (Carter, 2007). Although tradeoff may be made between ‘ecological sustainability’ and fulfilment of basic human needs (Là ©là ©, 1991), this should not be an encouraged practice because human beings will always give preference to their needs over environmental protection no matter how trivial they may be. The ultimate remedy forRead MoreImportance of Sustainability in Organizations636 Words   |  3 PagesNever before has sustainability been more important on the corporate agenda. According to Brundtland Commission of the  United Nations (1987) sustainability is defined as operating in a way that preserves the long-term quality and productive capacity of both the natural and social environments in which a company operates. For humans, sustainability is defined as the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Sustainability therefore involves: Read MoreA Sustainable Governance Of Our Agricultural Systems755 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the Brundtland report in 1987 (WCED, 1987), did not explain exactly how the sustainable development should be achieved, that is, how society should govern itself in such a way that the sum total of human development becomes more sustainable in the long term. Many stimuli of scientific society originated then from pressure exercised at global and local levels. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2002), the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), or the GEO 4 report (UNEPRead MoreSustainability, Well Being, Welfare Essay1996 Words   |  8 PagesKeywords: sustainability; well-being; welfare 1. Introduction The term sustainability has ended up prevalent in arrangement situated exploration as a declaration of what open strategies should accomplish. The essential motivation originated from the Brundtland Report of 1987 (1). From that point forward the idea has moved in importance. This paper contends that the movement is terrible in that it darkens the genuine inconsistency which exists between long term maintainabilityRead MoreClimate Change And Depletion Of Natural Resources1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe growing concern of climate change and depletion of natural resources has meant an increase in popularity of the term ‘sustainable development’. With this growing popularity there has also been a rise in conflicting opinions on what sustainable development means and whether it is attainable, as even after the release of the Brundtland report which offered a definition of sustainable development there were still criticisms for it suggesting that ‘economic growth, indust rial modernization and marketRead MoreHow is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint?1552 Words   |  7 Pages How is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint? According to the Brundtland Report, sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.† In this definition, two challenges are worth nothing: meeting the needs of world’s poor, as well as the environmental limitations brought about by technological advancements and social organizations. According to Ruzevicius (2010)Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Sustainability Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Vs Corporate Sustainability in India: A case study on Aditya Birla Group Supriya Agarwal Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now a burning topic in India, which became prominent and most amplified in 2013 when companies were obligated to spend two percent of profit after tax in CSR activities set by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. Although, the concept of CSR is not new in India and has evolved and developed very well from hundredsRead MoreRole Of Energy Development Sustainable Development Goals Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesmeeting their own needs ‘(Brundtland, 1987). This concept has developed more from the intergenerational framework as indicated in the brundtland report to incorporate the three pillars (social, environment and economic) as a whole through series of environmental meeting held. Today, the focus is on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which was established in 2015.It is an improvement of the millennium development goals (MDGS) in that, its focus is in all countries in terms of not what the developedRead MoreThe Concept Of Sustainable Development Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†2. The second perspectiveRead MoreCritically Assess The Concept Of Sustainable Development Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment The concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†2. The second

Against Mandatory School Uniforms in Public School Essay

Imagine that you pick your seven-year-old child up from school. He is crying and wearing a different outfit than the one he wore to school. This is naturally upsetting but not as upsetting as your next discovery. His shirt, one you have never seen before, has a large L written on the sleeve in permanent marker; his shorts, also not his, are too large, stained and faded. Upon questioning your child, you discover that, despite your best efforts at compliance, your child’s clothing has violated the school’s uniform policy. Neither you nor your husband was called to bring your child a compliant change of clothing; rather a loaner uniform was forced upon your child. He was made to change into these alien clothes (McBride Student 1-2).†¦show more content†¦The recent data does not support the claims made by uniform proponents. Also, if provision is not made to permit parents to opt out (exempt their children from these policies), the codes are vulnerable to legal cha llenge (United 3). Sadly, some districts in an attempt to have a successful uniform code are overzealous in their enforcement techniques, causing confusion and stress for school staff and parents and often humiliation for students. While requiring public school students to wear uniforms may sound like an attractive quick fix to some, actual implementation of these highly restrictive policies is often rife with difficulties. Proponents of mandatory school uniforms claim that data and evidence support their assertions that uniforms improve discipline and reduce crime. While the positive reports emerging from some school districts with uniform policies seem to lend credence to this position, upon closer examination, flaws begin to appear. In Long Beach, California, the first district to have a widespread mandatory uniform policy in the public schools, the initial reports concerning drops in crime and discipline were astonishing. Assault dropped by sixty-seven percent, vandalism by eighty-two percent, and robbery by thirty-five percent. Overall crime was reduced by seventy-three percent the first year the policy was in placeShow MoreRelatedThe Correlation Between School Uniforms and Violence Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesIs the absence of school uniforms leading to an up rise of violence between children in public schools? According to the National School Safety Center’s Report on School Associated Violent Deaths, â€Å"Since the 1992-1993 school year, two-hundred seven were shooting victims† (Kelly n pag). According to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), â€Å"10% of all public schools had one or more serious violent crimes (murder, rape, sexual battery, suicide, physical attackRead MoreBenefits Of A Uniformed School Day1550 Words   |  7 PagesA Uniformed School Day Uniforms have been a key element in promoting a successful, safe and unified establishment. Those successful establishments could possibly include a private high school, a sporting team, or even a business. Typically, private schools enforce the policy that a uniform most be worn by all enrolled students. But why hasn’t the majority of traditional public schools, developed uniform policies? Benefits of uniforms within schools may include, students feeling more professionalRead MoreWhy we need dress codes, argumentative essay MLA.1452 Words   |  6 PagesSchools Need Dress Codes Dress codes in public schooling have recently been a controversial issue nation-wide. Mandatory uniform policys measures and emphasize the benefits of students on specific behavioral and academic outcomes. The arguments for the issue are just as strong as those against the issue. There are two main points surrounding school uniforms: performance and school and reduction of violence due to uniformity. Uniforms are argued to positively affect student safety by: loweringRead MoreThe Issue Of Mandatory School Uniforms953 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of mandatory school uniforms is one that has gained a lot of traction in the recent years. As you could imagine proponents of school uniforms will say that it increases graduation rates and decreases school violence. Opponents of it will say that it restricts freedom of expression, and is way to further restrict students’ rights. In a world where we are continually being restricted on our rights the positives of mandatory uniforms does not outweigh the negatives, because restricted kids’Read MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1422 Words   |  6 PagesCatholic elementary school, middle school, and high school. I found it easier to attend and focus on school when wearing the same clothes as everyone else. Today, tiny southern towns even to the nations largest cities, public school uniforms have become so common this y ear that in many areas, they are no longer the exception, but the rule (Lewin â€Å"Dress for Success: Public School Uniforms†). Imagine a parent’s comfort in knowing their child was being treated as an equal at school each and every dayRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Its Placebo Effect Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesDuran Professor Alan Douglas English 102 4 December 2016 School Uniforms and its Placebo Effect School uniforms predominately used in private schools are now becoming increasingly common in public schools throughout the United States. During the 2013- 2014 schoolyear, one in five public schools required students to wear uniforms, which is an increase from the 2003-2004 school year in which one in eight schools required the use of uniforms (US Department of Education and US Department of Justice)Read MoreEssay Students and School Uniforms589 Words   |  3 Pagesand School Uniforms nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The implication of school uniforms on the public school system would make a dramatic positive change for the students now and in the future. Currently the public school system allows casual dress code attire throughout the United States. Differing from private school institutions, where uniforms are mandatory. School uniforms are beneficial to the students and to the parents of these students. Secondly, uniforms provideRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1280 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout my time in school I was consistently filled with anxiety over looking my best, and I am sure many other people (girls especially) felt this from middle school through high school. The solution is uniforms! In schools where uniforms are not mandatory, the stress of â€Å"keeping up with the Jones† can create a lot of differences and struggles for students. Having mandatory uniforms in schools would create a safer and more welcoming environment for students , limit their stress, and lets themRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Solve All Problems Within A School System1595 Words   |  7 PagesSchool uniforms are school approved wardrobes that dictate what students wear to school. In today’s society, school systems’ deciding to implement uniforms has become a controversial issue among students, parents, and teachers. The use of uniforms by a school system is often an effort in branding and developing a unified image, but also has substantial effects on the students that are wearing uniforms. Some people believe that clothing is an expression of a person, while others believe that clothingRead MoreEssay on Implementing Uniforms In School is The Right Thing To Do1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe argument whether uniforms should be allowed in school has been debated over the last few decades. Implementing a uniform policy within schools would help reduce the rise of violent crimes. In todays high schools, too many innocent yo uths become fatalities due to gang warfare that has spread into the school system. Many parents feel that if a uniform policy was implemented the spread of gang warfare and the idea children have to have name brand clothing would decrease drastically. However others

Worksheets For A Special Education Classroom - 995 Words

The children in today’s education system are constantly submersed in an abundance of worksheets. While many see the piles of worksheets as helpful and beneficial, others see them as â€Å"busy work.† From my experience in a special education classroom, I have noticed that the overuse of worksheets becomes useless almost immediately. The use of worksheets in education can be beneficial to the child when used sparingly, when they are not similarly formatted, and used as a formative check. Worksheets are effective assessments, but only when they are used sparingly. The majority of worksheets are formatted the same way, where your answers are confined to tiny blanks or bubbles. It should be fairly easy for teachers who are minimally involved to avoid the overuse of worksheets. Instead of using them, teachers can let their students’ minds wander, allowing them to create their own assignments and grow intellectually (Ransom Manning, 2013, p. 188-189). According to Lesley (2003), a worksheet-driven curriculum is highly controlling and has the risk of violating the students’ learning potential (p. 451). Worksheets have the potential to be appealing to students, so long as they are not overbearing. During my field experience, each day was filled with worksheets the students had to fill out by a certain time. The abundance of worksheets seemed to be caused by the teacher being absent, but when she returned, the endless amounts did not decrease. What may have be en fun, partner work at theShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Effect Of Contingent Teacher Praise Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages(1990); Gable et al. (1983); Nowacek et al. (1990); and Ysseldyke et al. (1984). These reports indicate that expressions of verbal disapproval by teachers are more likely to occur than verbal approval especially from Grade three and above. The classroom with active learning can be described as â€Å"an extremely busy place, an environment in which important efforts by students can easily go unnoticed. When teachers do not notice students’ desired academic and social behaviors, those behaviors cannotRead MoreClassroom Is An Amazing Opportunity1410 Words   |  6 PagesIn the field of Education there are many things that a teacher is involved in and should do in and out of their classrooms. Without teachers, the children of the world may not have room to grow and learn. Many things come into play for a teacher such as lessons plans. They also put in extra hours that may be over looked by parents or even students. As a student going into Elementary Education, having the chance to observe in classrooms is an amazing opportunity. Gives the chance to see how differentRead MoreEducating the Exceptional Learner Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesdistributed weaknesses in math, reading, and writing. Lesson Plan The lesson plan was planned for teaching math skills which included sorting, graphing, and various addition problems. The student was given a bag of skittles, a graphing worksheet, and a sorting worksheet. Step by step instruction was given. The following is how it was explained to the student. First you will open your bag of skittles. The teacher then asked if he had it open and then she proceeded by instructing him to sort all the candiesRead MoreTechnology And High Tech Technology1197 Words   |  5 Pagesclaiming that they cannot live without it. When parents hear of â€Å"technology† in the classroom, they immediately think of electronics. However, technology is separated into two classifications in the classroom: low-tech learning technology and high-tech learning technology. Low-tech technology has been used for many decades in school and include: pencil grips, highlighters, flashcards, and additional outlined worksheets and concept maps. High-tech assistive technology refers to items such as computersRead MoreSocial Studies Should be Integrated into Education Essay591 Words   |  3 Pagesbelieve that social studies should be integrated into a special education classroom. I have been in several special education classrooms in different schools, and I have never seen social studies being taught. I could have been there just when they were not teaching it, but it would have been nice to see it at some point. I want to make sure and include this in my class schedule. It might not be the same material that the general education classrooms are being taught, but I believe it is important toRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Student s Education1675 Words   |  7 Pagesitself to be detrimental to our student’s education and learning. Students who it tends to impact the most though are those in special education classrooms. Where a mainstream student may be utilizing his or her iPad for fun or educational games, special education students are using them to help learn easier. There are many great arguments against iPad use in the classroom such as the fact that students may not have internet or iPad access outside of the classroom, may not be abl e to handle an iPad appropriatelyRead MoreQuestions On The Lesson Plan Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pageswill be able to understand what they are reading through illustrations, predictions and discussions. Teacher will continue to revise and discuss predictions as the story continues. Academic Language related to the lesson – For the special education TPA it is not academic language but language and communication that is the additional area. To introduce early readers to vocabulary words that are verbs with the –ing endings to help them understand when the Action is taking place. YellingRead MoreExceptionalities in Education1709 Words   |  7 Pageswere often segregated from the regular classroom. Mainstreaming began the process of integrating them with nondisabled students, and inclusion takes the process further by creating a web of services. Special education is often times as diverse as the schools and school systems that incorporate it. Most common approaches include: self-contained classrooms, pullout services, and inclusion. Inclusion is most effective when regular education and special education teachers closely collaborate on instructionalRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1282 Words   |  6 Pagesensure that every student can read at grade level or above no later than the end of grade 3. (20 U.S.C. § 6361) (page 73, Wrightslaw: No Child Left Behind). An evidence-based special education professional practice is a strategy or intervention designed for use by special educators and intended to support the education of individuals with exceptional learning needs. Evidence-based instruction is reliable, trustworthy, and valid record that indicates when that program or set of practices is used;Read MoreMichelle Is A Second Grade Student At An Inclusive Classroom878 Words   |  4 PagesInclusive classroom. Her twin is also in the classroom and is a special education student as well. Michelle has an IEP and a significant speech and language delay. She is also an ENL student. For math and writing classes, an ENL teacher pushes in. Michelle is pulled out for speech therapy sessions. Michelle was exposed to the following teaching strategies: Teacher-mediated Environmental Arrangements- Most of Michelle’s lessons are presented from a U-shaped table headed by the special education

Health Informatics Division

Question: Write a report to Metro Hospital Executive Board on Roadmap to achieving a HIMSS level 7 EMR for the Metro Hospital by 2025. Answer: 1. Background / Overview This report is report is aimed at providing a roadmap to the Metro Hospital, to attain the HIMSS Level 7, by the year 2025. The Director of Informatics for the Metro Hospital in Brisbane compiles it. The Metro Hospital is a 363-bed facility on the North side of Brisbane, Australia, and provides different services to the communities living within its environs. Among the services that the facility provides include general surgical, general medical, oncology, vascular, ear, and nose, and throat, palliative care, and ophthalmology, maternity and pediatric care. By attaining the HIMSS Level 7, an institution is recognized as one that uses the highest level of electronic health management systems (Sensmeier, 2006). The HIMSS according to Sensmeier, (2006) uses the EMR Adoption Model to rate hospitals on a scale of 0 to 7. Stage 7 facilities are entirely paperless and utilize optimal health-information management systems among other Information technologies in order to better the human life . This report will demonstrate the current situation of the Metro Health facility, as a Level 4 institution on the EMR scale, indicate the measures to be taken in order to achieve Level 7 by 2025, the success factors, the critical aspects, and the goals with timelines to met, in the systematic implementation of the plan. The report will also indicate how this plan will be governed, how it will be affected by the national/and or governmental factors in Australia, and finally provide the recommendations to the board that manages the facility, for implementation of the plan. Simply, the report comprises of a strategic plan, that will enable Metro Hospital achieve the HIMSS Level 7 EMR, by the year 2025. 2. Vision for the EMR Vision By the year 2025, the MetroHospital should be a leader in the provision of high-quality patient-centered care, which is fully technology-enabled, in Brisbane Australia. Predicted Characteristics of the MetroHospital by 2025 The MetroHospital will not utilize paper charts and any paper-based management systems in its delivery and management of patient-centered health care options. Electronic management systems will be used to store and manage discrete data, the document images, including patient medical images. The MetroHospital will by 2025 offer and integrate its services in the following ways. It will be able to exchange health information between it and other healthcare systems within Brisbane thus reducing self-reported tests that are duplicated. This will also reduce hospital admissions by above 15% of patients because of information exchange (Journal Of Clinical Engineering 2011). The health system will be able to improve vaccine adverse reporting and thus bring about a huge margin increase the adverse vaccine events for concerned institutions such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the WHO(Margaret (n.d). This move will be vital to these institutions to come up with vaccines that are more refined, with minimal side effects, within acceptable limits. The MetroHospital will have an integrated utilization of clinical decision-making support in order to aid for instance, newborn baby care especially those with suffering from hyperbilitrubinemia, among others (Netwerken 2015). By the year 2025, the MetroHospital will have its sections integrated in that patient information in one section presents a summary of all necessary health information. These sections in the MetroHospital that will be installed with the HIMSS Level 7 EMR standard gadgets include the surgical, the general medical, oncology, vascular, ear, nose and throat, palliative care, ophthalmology, maternity and pediatric sections among others. The hospital will also interact with its affiliate institutions on the electronic platform, including the Division of General Practitioners within Northern Brisbane. Critical success factors for the EMR For the success of any EMR system, there are different factors that must be considered. These factors will be in line with planning, implementation strategies, and the management of MetroHospital Health Records Management section. They will enable the institution to move from the EMR Level 4 to EMR Level 7, where it will experience electronically automated environment. The current working processes, technologies being used today, and the staff, must be made to adapt well to provide real time and quality information apart from a few challenges such as insufficient resources and high expectations that are on an increasing trend (Sensmeier, 2006). Among the factors to be considered like it is indicated in the Journal Of Clinical Engineering (2011) include the realigning of hospital processes, staff capacity development, physical environmental renovation, and the implementing newer systems, which provide support to the strategic plan of the Metro Hospital. First, developing the capacity of staff is paramount as will enable the health facility to properly manage the several cultural changes, which will develop, to meet future departmental needs by providing education, among other opportunities in regard to career development (McBride Tietze 2016). It is essential to capacity-build the current staff as it will enable to measure the levels of both staff and customer service satisfaction. A highly qualified team that is also committed to the objectives of the Hospital in terms of technological advancement must be developed to oversee the match towards the 2025 vision. Secondly, the realignment of existing processes within the Metro Health is necessary, as it will help the facility to put in place plans and efficiently execute them while improving the process methodologies in delivering quality health care towards 2025. This realigning process is crucial as enables the measurement of Electronic Health Records. Thirdly, redesigning of different processes within MetroHospital makes sure that each department and renovations being carried out currently and in the future have a smooth workflow, and is done systematically in line with best practice standards (McBride Tietze 2016). The renovation of the facilitys physical environment is important as it ensures a smooth workflow, and lesser time wastage in the health facility department. Since the security of the information obtained from patients is important, there is need for renovations that aim at restraining third parties, which are not authorized to access patient information, from accessing it. Further, the gradual introduction of newer heath records management system applications and gadgets is paramount in the gradual conversion of the institution from the current EMR Level 4, to Level 7 by the year 2025(Netwerken 2015). This of course goes a long with a gradual increase in the facilitys budgetary allocations, aimed at obtaining new technologies for each department within the facility as we focus on achieving the 2025 dream. 3. Analyzing the current situation Currently, the Metro Hospital is at the EMR Level 4. Therefore, it is still expected offer high level technological equipment among other academic demands by providing solutions for information management aimed so as boost health care quality within Brisbane. In order to attain this particular necessity, there is need for a newer health records management system for the Metro Hospital if it has to reach its plan of adopting the HIMSS EMR Level 7 Model by the year 2025. The health facility still carries the burden of having inefficient preparation environment that makes it difficult to provide services properly to the surging numbers of patients within Brisbane. Health care delivery services are currently using an integrated system that uses both paper work, and computers. In this regard, being at the fourth Level, it is necessary that the facility be developed to be paperless and instead be full electronic by 2025(Bloom 2002). A review of the existing systems is necessary to enable t he easy sharing of clinical information through electronic transactions (Netwerken 2015). Currently, Metro Hospital does not fully utilize its functionality, especially in regard to providing of efficient, effective and at the same time safe health care options for the patients due to operating manually at times especially when there is need to share information between different departments that are not yet synchronized electronically. Today the Metro Hospital has very good relations with the existing local Division of General Practitioners. However, the two institutions are not linked electronically. There is need to provide an electronic link with the two institutions, in order to have a shared platform for information sharing and decision making, while at the same reducing the duplication of duties (Buultjens et al 2007). The exhibited delays at the hospital during patient service due to reliance on manual processes need to be reviewed in order to reduce the time for patients within the facility (Netwerken 2015). The facility also invests heavily in purchasing paper-made data collection tools, a part from paying salaries to individuals who facilitate the se of paper-related health records management. If the hospital attains the 7nth Level of the HIMSS EMR Model by the year 2025, there will be lower operational costs as only electronic technologies will be used. 4. Aspects critical to supporting an EMR The Metro Hospital staff needs to ensure that they are well informed in regard to the health records management practices which need to be implemented so as to have an efficient and sufficient EMR system (Taylor et al 2005). The individual employees at the facility need awareness in regard to the different established regulations and rules, which govern the professional requirements in EMR management practice. The regulatory authorities including the government of Australia under the health department set the guidelines in terms of creation, maintenance, retention, and destruction of traditional paper-based records, the EHRs and finally the EMRs. This need to be considered, in supporting the development of world-class EMR system within Brisbane ((Taylor et al 2005). Further, there are privacy legislation which concern the collection, the utilization and the final information disclosure regarding patients, that must be upheld and very much respected by staff even in the transition pha se towards 2025(Netwerken 2015). The effectiveness of the EMR system could also be gauged based on how the hospital management and its staff consider the patients consent and rights in accessing their own health information stored within the EHRs/EMRs. 5. Roadmap for achieving HIMSS level 7 by 2025 Since the facility is still at the HIMSS Level 4, there is need to institute goals that will enable it transit through levels 5, 6 and finally 7, by the year 2025. The following could be some of the goals: To attain Level 5 by the year 2019- In this case, the facility should have a full complement of the radiology PACS systems, which will provide world-class medical images for both physicians and the patients through intranet, displacing the current film-based images and their related technologies (Netwerken 2015). This technology should be operational in all the departments by 2019. To attain the Level 6 by the year 2022- In this case, there will be full physician documentation, structured electronic templates, discrete data collection, will need to be present at least two inpatient care service areas(Netwerken 2015). By 2022, level three of clinical decision support should be used to provide guidance for every clinician activity that is related to the protocols and results in terms of both variance alerts and compliance alerts (Coile 2003). There will be closed loop medication administration where bar coding among other auto identification technologies including radio frequency identification (RFID) will be used in different departments((Taylor et al 2005). This will enable right dosage prescriptions, among other utilities. To achieve stage 7 by 2025: At this level, each department uses paperless documentation (HIMSS15 Annual Conference Exhibition 2015). A mixture of document images, medical images, and discrete data will be available in the health facilitys departmental EMR systems (Coile 2003). There will be data warehousing in computer databases to analyze patterns of the existing clinical data in order to improve the health care quality safety of patients, and the efficiency of delivered care. Implementation Plan As Director of Informatics, my implementation plan should have the main purpose, the system overview, and a management overview that will include a description of the implementation process, different responsibilities, and duties for those responsible. Other elements include the main tasks, the schedule for implementation, terms of security and privacy, the security features of the system, and the procedure for setting up patient information security, even through the period of implementation (Overhage et al 2008). Further, the implementation process will utilize different software, among other hardware, and materials, facilities, documents and various personnel (The National E-Health Strategy (2012). For personnel, the plan will include the training of staff to be part of the change process, through the implementation phase, since they will be the major participants in carrying out the implementation (Stuart et al 2002). This implementation plan will include aspects of monitoring and evaluation, done periodically, and continuously. Time to time Assessment will be done to for each implementation level in order to configure the impact f the implementation, and the future dreams to be achieved in 2025. 6. Resources Required In Implementing the Project In order to move Metro Hospital from the current HIMSS Level 4 EMR to the Level 7 by 2025, there will be different resources, including both physical, financial and human resources (Goldney 2007). In this regard, the hospital will need the following resources, although provide in different phases, in line with short and long term budgetary allocations of the facility. Financial resources-a special budgetary allocation need to set part for de4veloping different aspects of the implementation plan (McBride Tietze 2016). These include the purchasing of computer systems and HIMSS software, which have been proven fit for use. Human resources-the Hospital will need to source external trainer of trainers, to teach different departmental heads and officials, the working of the newer systems, purchased by the institution (McBride Tietze 2016). Physical resources-Include land and or infrastructure , where ICT sections will be constructed specifically for the Hospitals Health Records Management section 7. Governance It is clear that governance is paramount in regard to implementing such huge plan, that could entirely bring change to a health facility within a specified period of time. Unclear implementation due to poor governance could on the other hand bring about serious risks (Journal of Clinical Engineering 2008). As the Director of Informatics, I suggest that the governance of the vision 2025 for the Metro Hospital should be put under two committees that will enable the full implementation and the achievement of the HIMSS Level 7 EMR status by the year 2025. These committees include the ICT departmental Committee and any other committee including members from the operational and clinical sections, which must be linked to the EMR-HER systems (Journal of Clinical Engineering 2008). The different personnel to be involved in managing different implementation processes must be identifies, including their responsibilities. They should also take part in the expert trainings through different semin ars organized by the two committees, involving external trainer of trainers (Sensmeier, 2006). The procedures and regulations in regard to decision making need to always apply as the Hospital advances through Levels 5, 6 and finally 7by 2025. There is need for lines of both responsibility and accountability (Hawkes, N. (2014). Continuous reporting of progress from the monitoring and evaluation personnel should be done, and the reports given to the heads of the committees, to know the areas o improvement, in terms of the set, strategic plan (Sensmeier, 2006). All the services that need to be transformed into electronic systems must be considered and focused on by the two committees (Marceau 2000). The committees should also ensure that they are allocated sufficient funds, human resource, and physical resources, in time so that set goals, both long-term and short term are achieved within the accepted periods (The National E-Health Strategy (2012). However, the governing committees mus t ensure that the physicians, to know where to improve within time provide continuous, needs-assessment (Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 2011). The committees to track progress and changes that need to be done at particular stages should hold regular meetings. Benchmark For utility ratings to provide comparative information there is need to rely on metrics (Overhage et al 2008). Benchmark metrics may be developed by measuring the real clinical environment for clinician users particularly for every task. The panel of clinicians can then compare the good actual performance and the perceived performance that is ideal for users (Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 2011).This will establish target scores that will reflect how to better meet the needs of users, than the way it is done currently. 8. Alignment to state and national eHealth programs This vision is in line with the Australian governments strategies in achieving ehealth programs in the future. The government in its strategies, drawn by the Deloitte Company, aims staging national campaigns to promote automation of health services, providing necessary financial incentives, accreditation of health care providers, proviso of vocational training in ehealth programs, among others (Chubb 2014). Drawn in 2008, the governments ehealth strategy targeted that in 10 years, there would be developed online interaction within the health sector, improved consumer utility of health-information record systems, over 80% of referrals, prescriptions, and orders for tests are done electronically among other predictions (Rao, 2009). The national ehealth strategy also targeted at ensuring that up to 20% of consultations are done online, between patients and health providers (Chubb 2014). Therefore, the highlighted strategies above integrate with the Australian health departments strategies, with a common vision of ensuring a paperless but integrated system that enables informational sharing with other facilities. If the government enables the public health facilities to also attain the HIMSS Level 7 EMR (The National E-Health Strategy 2012), then by 2025, MetroHospital will be a complementary institution, which will be easily integrated with others in Brisbane and beyond. 9. Likelihood of success and identification of risk Success This achievement of the implementation plan is likely to succeed because of the following: A committed Metro Hospital Management and staff in regard to the vision Availability of resources including human, financial, and physical resources, which are already in place As HIMSS Level7 EMR institution, it is likely that the staff and management are aware of the need to reach a highly automated health system by 2025 The Risks The risks may include the following: The purchase of highly expensive electronic gadgets could make the plans be implemented later than the fixed timeframe There will be need for the MetroHospital to hire external experts to monitor and teach the staff, regarding each stage of the implementation plan. Conclusion and recommendations In conclusion, this report consists of the roadmap for Metro Hospital, towards achieving HIMSS Level 7 EMR by the year 2025. The following are the recommendations, based on this particular report. First, as indicated by Young, et al (2016), there is need to for the Metro Hospital management to consider this implementation plan, and review it to find the necessary areas that they can be able to raise their own concerns. Secondly, the management should evaluate their current performance at Level 4 EMR, in order to realize the need to move higher through development of proper strategies. Finally, achieving Level 7 EMR will be in line with the countrys ehealth needs, and thus, the management should view this plan, as an obligation ahead. References Chubb, I. (2014). Australia needs a strategy. Science, 345(6200), 985-985. HIMSS Position Statement on Transforming Nursing Practice through Technology Informatics. (2011). Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 34(4), 367-376. IHE Holds Successful Showcase at HIMSS. (2008). Journal Of Clinical Engineering, 33(3), 139. McBride, S. Tietze, M. (2016). 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